''Staphylococcus'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
Gram-positive
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall.
Gram-positive bacte ...
bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...
in the family
Staphylococcaceae
The Staphylococcaceae are a family of Gram-positive bacteria that includes the genus ''Staphylococcus'', noted for encompassing several medically significant pathogens.
The five genera ''Jeotgalicoccus'', '' Macrococcus'', ''Nosocomiicoccus'', ' ...
from the order
Bacillales
The Bacillales are an order of Gram-positive bacteria, placed within the Bacillota. Representative genera include ''Bacillus'', ''Listeria'' and ''Staphylococcus''.
See also
* List of bacteria genera
* List of bacterial orders
This article li ...
. Under the
microscope
A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisibl ...
, they appear spherical (
cocci
A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral ( of whi ...
), and form in
grape
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus ''Vitis''. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.
The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years ago, ...
-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are
facultative anaerobic organism
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes Adenosine triphosphate, ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to Fermentation (biochemistry), fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Some examples of fa ...
s (capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).
The name was coined in 1880 by Scottish surgeon and bacteriologist
Alexander Ogston
Sir Alexander Ogston MD CM LLD (19 April 1844 โ 1 February 1929) was a British surgeon, famous for his discovery of '' Staphylococcus''.
Life
Ogston was the eldest son of Amelia Cadenhead and her husband Prof. Francis Ogston (1803โ ...
(1844โ1929), following the pattern established five years earlier with the naming of ''
Streptococcus
''Streptococcus'' is a genus of gram-positive ' (plural ) or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occurs ...
''. It combines the prefix "staphylo-" (from grc, ฯฯฮฑฯฯ
ฮปฮฎ, staphylฤ, bunch of grapes), and suffixed by the Modern (from ).
Staphylococcus was one of the leading infections in hospitals and many strains of this bacterium have become
antibiotic resistant
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. All classes of microbes can evolve resistance. Fungi evolve antifungal resistance. Viruses evolve antiviral resistance. P ...
. Despite strong attempts to get rid of them, staph bacteria stay present in hospitals, where they can infect people who are most at risk of infection.
Staphylococcus includes at least 43 species. Of these, nine have two
subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
, one has three subspecies, and one has four subspecies.
Many species cannot cause disease and reside normally on the
skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have diffe ...
and
mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It is ...
s of humans and other
animals
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage in ...
. ''Staphylococcus'' species have been found to be
nectar-inhabiting microbes. They are also a small component of the
soil microbiome
Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties. It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient bacteria and microorganisms came about on Earth's ocea ...
.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy is based on 16s
rRNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosoma ...
sequences,
and most of the staphylococcal species fall into 11 clusters:
# ''S. aureus'' group โ ''S. argenteus'', ''S. aureus'', ''S. schweitzeri'', ''S. simiae''
# ''S. auricularis'' group โ ''S. auricularis''
# ''S. carnosus'' group โ ''S. carnosus'', ''S. condimenti'', ''S. debuckii'', ''S. massiliensis'', ''S. piscifermentans'', ''S. simulans''
# ''S. epidermidis'' group โ ''S. capitis'', ''S. caprae'', ''S. epidermidis'', ''S. saccharolyticus''
# ''S. haemolyticus'' group โ ''S. borealis'', ''S. devriesei'', ''S. haemolyticus'', ''S. hominis''
# ''S. hyicus-intermedius'' group โ ''S. agnetis'', ''S. chromogenes'', ''S. cornubiensis'', ''S. felis'', ''S. delphini'', ''S. hyicus'', ''S. intermedius'', ''S. lutrae'', ''S. microti'', ''S. muscae'', ''S. pseudintermedius'', ''S. rostri'', ''S. schleiferi''
# ''S. lugdunensis'' group โ ''S. lugdunensis''
# ''S. saprophyticus'' group โ ''S. arlettae'', ''S. caeli'', ''S. cohnii'', ''S. equorum'', ''S. gallinarum'', ''S. kloosii'', ''S. leei'', ''S. nepalensis'', ''S. saprophyticus'', ''S. succinus'', ''S. xylosus''
# ''S. sciuri'' group โ ''S. fleurettii'', ''S. lentus'', ''S. sciuri'', ''S. stepanovicii'', ''S. vitulinus''
# ''S. simulans'' group โ ''S. simulans''
# ''S. warneri'' group โ ''S. pasteuri'', ''S. warneri''
A twelfth group โ that of ''S. caseolyticus'' โ has now been removed to a new genus, ''
Macrococcus
''Macrococcus'' is a genus of Gram-positive cocci belonging to the family Staphylococcaceae. The genus was created in 1998.Kloos, W. E., D. N. Ballard, C. G. George, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and K. Schu ...
'', the species of which are currently the closest known relatives of ''Staphylococcus''.
Two species were described in 2015 โ ''
Staphylococcus argenteus
''Staphylococcus argenteus'' are gram-positive cocci from the genus ''Staphylococcus'' which have been isolated from blood culture of a 55-year-old Indigenous Australian female in 2006 in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. The species is clos ...
'' and ''
Staphylococcus schweitzeri'' โ both of which were previously considered variants of ''S. aureus''.
A new coagulase negative species โ ''
Staphylococcus edaphicus
''Staphylococcus'' is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Staphylococcaceae from the order Bacillales. Under the microscope, they appear spherical (cocci), and form in grape-like clusters. ''Staphylococcus'' species are facultativ ...
'' โ has been isolated from
Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...
. This species is probably a member of the ''S. saprophyticus'' group.
Groups
Based on an analysis of orthologous gene content three groups (A, B and C) have been proposed.
[Coates-Brown R, Moran JC, Pongchaikul P, Darby AC and MJ Horsburgh MJ (2018) "Comparative genomics of ''Staphylococcus'' reveals determinants of speciation and diversification of antimicrobial defense". ''Front Microbiol'']
Group A includes ''S. aureus'', ''S. borealis'', ''S. capitis'', ''S. epidermidis'', ''S. haemolyticus'', ''S. hominis'', ''S. lugdunensis'', ''S. pettenkoferi'', ''S. simiae'' and ''S. warneri''.
Group B includes ''S. arlettae'', ''S. cohnii'', ''S. equorum'', ''S. saprophyticus'' and ''S. xylosus''.
Group C includes ''S. delphini'', ''S. intermedius'' and ''S. pseudintermedius''.
Notes
The ''S. saprophyticus'' and ''S. sciuri'' groups are generally
novobiocin
Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete '' Streptomyces niveus'', which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for ''S. spheroides'' a member of the clas ...
-resistant, as is ''S. hominis'' subsp. ''novobiosepticus''.
Members of the ''S. sciuri'' group are
oxidase
In biochemistry, an oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions, especially one involving dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In reactions involving donation of a hydrogen atom, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydro ...
-positive due to their possession of the enzyme
cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, (was , now reclassified as a translocasEC 7.1.1.9 is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and mitochondria of eukaryotes.
It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electr ...
. This group is the only clade within the staphylococci to possess this gene.
The ''S. sciuri'' group appears to be the closest relations to the genus ''
Macrococcus
''Macrococcus'' is a genus of Gram-positive cocci belonging to the family Staphylococcaceae. The genus was created in 1998.Kloos, W. E., D. N. Ballard, C. G. George, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and K. Schu ...
''.
''S. pulvereri'' has been shown to be a junior synonym of ''S. vitulinus''.
Within these clades, the ''S. haemolyticus'' and ''S. simulans'' groups appear to be related, as do the ''S. aureus'' and ''S. epidermidis'' groups.
''S. lugdunensis'' appears to be related to the ''S. haemolyticus'' group.
''S. petrasii'' may be related to ''S. haemolyticus'', but this needs to be confirmed.
The taxonomic position of ''S. lyticans'', ''S. pettenkoferi'', ''S. petrasii'', and ''S. pseudolugdunensis'' has yet to be clarified. The published descriptions of these species do not appear to have been validly published.
Biochemical identification
Assignment of a strain to the genus ''Staphylococcus'' requires it to be a
Gram-positive
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall.
Gram-positive bacte ...
coccus
A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral ( of whi ...
that forms clusters, has an appropriate
cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...
structure (including
peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane, the rigid cell wall (murein sacculus) characteristic of most ...
type and teichoic acid presence) and G + C content of DNA in a range of 30โ40 mol%.
''Staphylococcus'' species can be differentiated from other aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci by several simple tests.
''Staphylococcus'' species are facultative
anaerobes
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenate ...
(capable of growth both aerobically and anaerobically).
All species grow in the presence of
bile salts
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts.
Primary b ...
.
All species of ''Staphylococcus aureus'' were once thought to be coagulase-positive, but this has since been disproven.
Growth can also occur in a 6.5% NaCl solution.
On
Baird-Parker medium, ''Staphylococcus'' species grow fermentatively, except for ''S. saprophyticus'', which grows oxidatively. ''Staphylococcus'' species are resistant to
bacitracin
Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by ''Bacillus licheniformis'' bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" ( ATCC 10716) in 1945. These peptides disrupt Gram-positive bac ...
(0.04 U disc: resistance = < 10 mm zone of inhibition) and susceptible to
furazolidone
Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.
Medical uses
Furazolidone has been used in human ...
(100 ฮผg disc: resistance = < 15 mm zone of inhibition). Further biochemical testing is needed to identify to the species level.
Coagulase production
One of the most important phenotypical features used in the classification of staphylococci is their ability to produce
coagulase
Coagulase is a protein enzyme produced by several microorganisms that enables the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. In the laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of '' Staphylococcus'' isolates. Importantly, '' S. aureus' ...
, an enzyme that causes
blood clot
A thrombus (plural thrombi), colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis. There are two components to a thrombus: aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug, and a mesh of c ...
formation.
Seven species are currently recognised as being coagulase-positive: ''S. aureus'', ''S. delphini'', ''S. hyicus'', ''S. intermedius'', ''S. lutrae'', ''S. pseudintermedius'', and ''S. schleiferi'' subsp. ''coagulans''. These species belong to two separate groups โ the ''S. aureus'' (''S. aureus'' alone) group and the ''S. hyicus-intermedius'' group (the remaining five).
An eighth species has also been described โ ''Staphylococcus leei'' โ from patients with
gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia). Other possi ...
.
''
S. aureus'' is coagulase-positive, meaning it produces coagulase. However, while the majority of ''S. aureus'' strains are coagulase-positive, some may be atypical in that they do not produce coagulase. ''S. aureus'' is
catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting t ...
-positive (meaning that it can produce the enzyme catalase) and able to convert
hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula . In its pure form, it is a very pale blue liquid that is slightly more viscous than water. It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%โ ...
(H
2O
2) to water and oxygen, which makes the catalase test useful to distinguish staphylococci from
enterococci
''Enterococcus'' is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota. Enterococci are gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical charac ...
and
streptococci
''Streptococcus'' is a genus of gram-positive ' (plural ) or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota. Cell division in streptococci occurs ...
.
''
S. pseudintermedius'' inhabits and sometimes infects the skin of domestic dogs and cats. This organism, too, can carry the genetic material that imparts multiple bacterial resistance. It is rarely implicated in infections in humans, as a
zoonosis
A zoonosis (; plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite or prion) that has jumped from a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human. ...
.
''
S. epidermidis
''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus ''Staphylococcus''. It is part of the normal human microbiota, typically the skin microbiota, and less commonly the mucosal microbiot ...
'', a coagulase-negative species, is a
commensal
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit fro ...
of the skin, but can cause severe infections in
immunosuppressed
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reacti ...
patients and those with
central venous catheters
A central venous catheter (CVC), also known as a central line(c-line), central venous line, or central venous access catheter, is a catheter placed into a large vein. It is a form of venous access. Placement of larger catheters in more central ...
.
''
S. saprophyticus'', another coagulase-negative species that is part of the normal
vaginal flora
Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Dรถderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora.
The amount and type o ...
, is predominantly implicated in
genitourinary tract
The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathw ...
infections in sexually active young women.
In recent years, several other ''Staphylococcus'' species have been implicated in human infections, notably ''
S. lugdunensis'', ''
S. schleiferi'', and ''
S. caprae''.
Common abbreviations for coagulase-negative staphylococci are CoNS, CNS, or CNST. The
American Society for Microbiology
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), originally the Society of American Bacteriologists, is a professional organization for scientists who study viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa as well as other aspects of microbiology. It ...
abbreviates coagulase-negative staphylococci as "CoNS".
Genomics and molecular biology
The first ''S. aureus''
genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...
s to be sequenced were those of N315 and Mu50, in 2001. Many more complete ''S. aureus'' genomes have been submitted to the public databases, making it one of the most extensively sequenced bacteria. The use of genomic data is now widespread and provides a valuable resource for researchers working with ''S. aureus''. Whole genome technologies, such as sequencing projects and
microarray
A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip. Its purpose is to simultaneously detect the expression of thousands of genes from a sample (e.g. from a tissue). It is a two-dimensional array on a solid substrateโusually a glass slide or silicon t ...
s, have shown an enormous variety of ''S. aureus'' strains. Each contains different combinations of surface proteins and different
toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. Toxins occur especially as a protein or conjugated protein. The term toxin was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849โ ...
s. Relating this information to pathogenic behaviour is one of the major areas of staphylococcal research. The development of molecular typing methods has enabled the tracking of different strains of ''S. aureus''. This may lead to better control of outbreak strains. A greater understanding of how the staphylococci evolve, especially due to the acquisition of mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence genes is helping to identify new outbreak strains and may even prevent their emergence.
The widespread incidence of
antibiotic resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. All classes of microbes can evolve resistance. Fungi evolve antifungal resistance. Viruses evolve antiviral resistance. ...
across various strains of ''S. aureus'', or across different species of ''Staphylococcus'' has been attributed to
horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between Unicellular organism, unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offsprin ...
of genes encoding antibiotic/metal resistance and virulence. A recent study demonstrated the extent of horizontal gene transfer among ''Staphylococcus'' to be much greater than previously expected, and encompasses genes with functions beyond antibiotic resistance and virulence, and beyond genes residing within the
mobile genetic elements
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) sometimes called selfish genetic elements are a type of genetic material that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another. MGEs are found in all organisms. In h ...
.
Various strains of ''Staphylococcus'' are available from biological research centres, such as the
National Collection of Type Cultures
National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) is one of the four culture collections that constitutes the Culture Collections operated by Public Health England. It is a non-profit culture collection repository located in the UK. NCTC maintains ove ...
.
Host range
![20101017 231210 Staphylococcus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/20101017_231210_Staphylococcus.jpg)
Members of the genus ''Staphylococcus'' frequently colonize the skin and upper respiratory tracts of mammals and birds and also in
marine sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through th ...
.
Marine sponge associated ''Staphylococcus'' species are highly salt tolerant.
Some species specificity has been observed in host range, such that the ''Staphylococcus'' species observed on some animals appear more rarely on more distantly related host species.
Some of the observed host specificity includes:
* ''S. arlattae'' โ
chicken
The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adult m ...
s,
goat
The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...
s,
marine sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through th ...
* ''S. aureus'' โ humans
* ''S. auricularis'' โ
deer
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer ...
,
dog
The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...
s, humans
* ''S. borealis'' โ
humans
Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
,
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult mal ...
* ''S. capitis'' โ humans
* ''S. caprae'' โ goats, humans
* ''S. cohnii'' โ chickens, humans
* ''S. delphini'' โ
dolphin
A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...
s
* ''S. devriesei'' โ
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult mal ...
* ''S. epidermidis'' โ humans,
marine sponge
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through th ...
* ''S. equorum'' โ
horse
The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million y ...
s
* ''S. felis'' โ
cat
The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...
s
* ''S. fleurettii'' โ goats
* ''S. gallinarum'' โ chickens, goats,
pheasant
Pheasants ( ) are birds of several genera within the family (biology), family Phasianidae in the order (biology), order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera na ...
s
* ''S. haemolyticus'' โ humans, ''
Cercocebus
The white-eyelid mangabeys are African Old World monkeys belonging to the genus ''Cercocebus''. They are characterized by their bare upper eyelids, which are lighter than their facial skin colouring, and the uniformly coloured hairs of the fur. T ...
'', ''
Erythrocebus
''Erythrocebus'' is a genus of Old World monkey. All three species in this genus are found in Africa, and are known as patas monkeys. While previously considered a monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that cont ...
'', ''
Lemur
Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' โ ghosts or spirits) are Strepsirrhini, wet-nosed primates of the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 Family (biology), families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 exist ...
'', ''
Macca'', ''
Microcebus
The mouse lemurs are nocturnal lemurs of the genus ''Microcebus''. Like all lemurs, mouse lemurs are native to Madagascar.
Mouse lemurs have a combined head, body and tail length of less than , making them the smallest primates (the smallest spe ...
'', ''
Pan''
* ''S. hyicus'' โ
pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus s ...
s
* ''S. leei'' โ humans
* ''S. lentus'' โ goats,
rabbit
Rabbits, also known as bunnies or bunny rabbits, are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also contains the hares) of the order Lagomorpha (which also contains the pikas). ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' includes the European rabbit speci ...
s,
sheep
Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus ''Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated s ...
* ''S. lugdunensis'' โ humans, goats
* ''S. lutrae'' โ
otter
Otters are carnivorous mammals in the subfamily Lutrinae. The 13 extant otter species are all semiaquatic, aquatic, or marine, with diets based on fish and invertebrates. Lutrinae is a branch of the Mustelidae family, which also includes wea ...
s
* ''S. microti'' โ voles (''
Microtus arvalis
The common vole (''Microtus arvalis'') is a European rodent.
Distribution and habitat
The common vole is hardly restricted in means of distribution and habitat and inhabits large areas of Eurasia but, apart from the Orkney vole, not the Bri ...
'')
* ''S. nepalensis'' โ goats
* ''S. pasteuri'' โ humans, goats
* ''S. pettenkoferi'' โ humans
* ''S. pseudintermedius'' โ dogs
* ''S. rostri'' โ
pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus s ...
s
* ''S. schleiferi'' โ humans
* ''S. sciuri'' โ humans, dogs, goats
* ''S. simiae'' โ South American squirrel monkeys (''
Saimiri sciureus
The Guianan squirrel monkey (''Saimiri sciureus'') is a species of squirrel monkey from Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil. ''S. sciureus'' formerly applied to Humboldt's squirrel monkey and Collins' squirrel monkey, but genetic research in 2009 an ...
'')
* ''S. simulans'' โ humans
* ''S. warneri'' โ humans,
Cercopithecoidea
Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...
,
Pongidae
Pongidae , or the pongids is an obsolete primate taxon containing chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. By this definition pongids were also called "great apes". This taxon is not used today but is of historical significance. The great apes are ...
* ''S. xylosus'' โ humans
Populations at risk for ''Staphylococcus aureus'' infection
It is said that anyone can develop a staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk, including people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, eczema, lung disease, and people who inject drugs. In healthcare facilities, the risk of more serious staph infection is higher because many patients have weakened immune systems or have undergone procedures. In healthcare, the risk of more serious staph infection is higher for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), patients who have undergone certain types of surgeries and patients with medical devices inserted in their bodies.
Clinical
''Staphylococcus'' can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals through either toxin production or penetration. Staphylococcal toxins are a common cause of food poisoning, for they can be produced by bacteria growing in improperly stored food items. The most common
sialadenitis
Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of salivary glands, usually the major ones, the most common being the parotid gland, followed by submandibular and sublingual glands. It should not be confused with sialadenosis (sialosis) which is a non ...
is caused by staphylococci, as bacterial infections. Staphylococci break down leucine into isovaleric acid, the main odor of foot odor.
[Stevens D, Cornmell R, Taylor D, Grimshaw SG, Riazanskaia S, Arnold DS, Fernstad SJ, Smith AM, Heaney LM, Reynolds JC, Thomas CL, Harker M. Spatial variations in the microbial community structure and diversity of the human foot is associated with the production of odorous volatiles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2015 Jan;91(1):1-11. doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiu018. Epub 2014 Dec 8. PMID: 25764539.]
See also
*
Methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus'' (MRSA)
*
Vancomycin-resistant ''S. aureus'' (VRSA)
References
External links
*
*
''Staphylococcus''genomes and related information at
PATRIC Patric may refer to:
* PATRIC, the Pathosystems Resource Integration Center, a bacterial infectious disease information system
* Patric (singer) (born 1947), full name Patrick Martin, French singer
* Patric (footballer, born 1987), full name Ande ...
, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by
NIAID
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, ) is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's ...
{{Authority control
Bacteria genera
Gram-positive bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
Staphylococcaceae