Stanisław Czerniecki
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fl. ''Floruit'' ( ; usually abbreviated fl. or occasionally flor.; from Latin for 'flourished') denotes a date or period during which a person was known to have been alive or active. In English, the unabbreviated word may also be used as a noun indic ...
'' 1645–1698) was a Polish soldier, property manager, chef and writer, best known as the author of ''
Compendium ferculorum, albo Zebranie potraw ''Compendium ferculorum, albo Zebranie potraw'' (''A Collection of Dishes'') is a cookbook by Stanisław Czerniecki. First put in print in 1682, it is the earliest known cookery book published originally in Polish. Czerniecki wrote it in his cap ...
'' (''A Collection of Dishes''), the first cookbook written originally in the Polish language. He was an ennobled burgher who held the titular offices of royal secretary and (deputy pantler) of
Zhytomyr Zhytomyr ( ; see #Names, below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the Capital city, administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding ...
. During much of his life he served some of the powerful magnate houses of Poland, including the
Wielopolski The House of Wielopolski (plural: Wielopolscy, feminine form: Wielopolska) was a Polish noble family (''szlachta''), magnates in the 17th and 18th centuries. History The Wielopolski family is said to originate in the 17th century with the ...
,
Zamoyski The House of Zamoyski (plural: Zamoyscy) is an important Poland, Polish noble (''szlachta'') family Magnates of Poland and Lithuania, belonging to the category of Polish magnates. They used the Jelita coat of arms. The surname "Zamoyski" litera ...
,
Wiśniowiecki The House of Wiśniowiecki () was a Princely houses of Poland and Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian princely family of Ruthenian origin, notable in the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were powerful magnates with estates predo ...
and
Lubomirski The House of Lubomirski is a Princely Houses of Poland, Polish princely family. The Lubomirski family's coat of arms is the Drużyna coat of arms, which is similar to the Szreniawa coat of arms but without a cross. Origin and the coat ...
families. It was as
head chef A chef de cuisine (, French for ''head of kitchen'') or head chef is a chef that leads a kitchen and its cooks. A chef patron (feminine form ''chef patronne'') (French for ''boss chef'') or executive chef is a chef that manages multiple kitche ...
at the court of Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski that Czerniecki wrote his cookery book. As a designer of spectacular banquets, he has been called "the Polish Vatel" by Karol Estreicher, although Czerniecki did not meet the tragic fate of
François Vatel François Vatel (; 1631 – 24 April 1671) was the majordomo (in French, ) of Nicolas Fouquet and prince Louis, Grand Condé. Biography Vatel was born either in Switzerland or in Paris in 1625, 1631, or 1635. He is widely, but incorrectly, cr ...
, the head chef at the court of the
Grand Condé Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor Places * Grand, Oklahoma, USA * Grand, Vosges, village and commune in France with Gallo-Roman amphitheatre * Grand County (disambiguation), ...
.


Life


Military service and ennoblement

Stanisław Czerniecki came most likely from a burgher family living in
Strzyżów Strzyżów is a town in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, along the Wisłok river valley. Strzyżów is one of the towns within the Strzyżowsko-Dynowskie Foothill, located south-east of Kraków and 30 km from Rzeszó ...
, a town in southern Poland then owned by the
Wielopolski family The House of Wielopolski (plural: Wielopolscy, feminine form: Wielopolska) was a Polish noble family (''szlachta''), magnates in the 17th and 18th centuries. History The Wielopolski family is said to originate in the 17th century with the ...
. Nothing else is known about his birth, family, childhood and education. In 1645 or 1646, he began his service at the court of Prince Stanisław Lubomirski,
voivode of Kraków Voivode ( ), also spelled voivod, voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( ), voivoda, vojvoda, vaivada or wojewoda, is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Mid ...
, in the castle of
Nowy Wiśnicz Nowy Wiśnicz () is a small town in Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,728 inhabitants (2019). Located south of Bochnia, Nowy Wiśnicz is renowned for its Italianate fortified castle which dominates the skyline. Former s ...
. After Stanisław Lubomirski's death in 1649, he continued to serve his eldest son, Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski. Following the 1655 Swedish invasion of Poland during the
Second Northern War The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of ...
, Czerniecki began his military career under the command of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski. He took part in the battles of Gołąb and
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
in 1656. After the war with Sweden, he continued his military service fighting in the
battle of Chudnov The Battle of Chudnov (Chudniv, Cudnów) took place from 14 October to 2 November 1660, between the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, allied with the Crimean Tatars, and the Tsardom of Russia, allied with the Cossacks. It ended wi ...
against
Muscovite Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl2(Al Si3 O10)( F,O H)2, or ( KF)2( Al2O3)3( SiO2)6( H2O). It has a highly perfect basal cleavage y ...
forces in 1660 and in the
battle of Brayiliv A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force c ...
against
Crimean Tatars Crimean Tatars (), or simply Crimeans (), are an Eastern European Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group and nation indigenous to Crimea. Their ethnogenesis lasted thousands of years in Crimea and the northern regions along the coast of the Blac ...
and
Cossacks The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic languages, East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borde ...
( Polish–Cossack–Tatar War) in 1666. In 1670, Czerniecki was awarded for his military exploits with the titular office of royal secretary. The royal document, issued by King Michael Wiśniowiecki, describes Czerniecki as a long-time servant to the house of Wiśniowiecki. According to Czerniecki family lore, Stanisław Czerniecki was employed as the king's chamber servant. He may have landed this job thanks to his previous military service under Zamoyski, who was King Michael's uncle and mentor. Although Czerniecki had been previously mentioned in documents as a nobleman, he was officially ennobled by the
sejm The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People' ...
(diet) which convened in
Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
after the coronation of King
John III Sobieski John III Sobieski ( (); (); () 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696. Born into Polish nobility, Sobieski was educated at the Jagiellonian University and toured Eur ...
in 1676. The act of ennoblement recognizes his military merits, to which Prince Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki, grand hetman of the Crown, testified. The same act also granted Czerniecki a
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments), originating in Europe. The coat of arms on an escutcheon f ...
with three ostrich feathers for the crest and charged with a white dove perched on one olive branch and holding another in its beak. From this time, Czerniecki began to be officially referred to as ''Stanislaus Columbus Czerniecki'', where ''columbus'' is the Latin word for "dove".


Property manager and landowner

Court records from 1658 mention a "noble Stanisław Czernecki", a lease-holder of a parson's estate in the village of Jasień near
Brzesko Brzesko (; , ''Brigel'') is a town in southern Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It lies approximately west of Tarnów and east of the regional capital Kraków. Since Polish administrative reorganization (in 1999), Brzesko has been the admin ...
, but there is no certainty that he was the same person as Stanisław Czerniecki. Aleksander Michał Lubomirski leased his village of Połomia to Czerniecki; after Lubomirski's death, his son, Prince
Józef Karol Lubomirski Prince Józef Karol Lubomirski (1638–1702) was a Polish szlachcic, noble. He was owner of Dubno, Wiśnicz, Tarnów and Zasławski family, Zesław, Koniuszy, Crown Koniuszy since 1683, Court Marshals of the Crown, Crown Court Marshals since ...
, granted Czerniecki a life lease of the same village. In the 1680s, Czerniecki was also a lease-holder and manager of the
fee tail In English common law, fee tail or entail is a form of trust, established by deed or settlement, that restricts the sale or inheritance of an estate in real property and prevents that property from being sold, devised by will, or otherwise ali ...
and castle of Rożnów, which belonged to Jan Wielopolski,
grand chancellor of the Crown The Chancellor of Poland ( - , from ), officially, the Grand Chancellor of the Crown between 1385 and 1795, was one of the highest officials in the historic Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. This office functioned from the early Polish kingdom o ...
. During this time, the Rożnów castle served as Czerniecki's principal residence. Czerniecki's social advancement into nobility became complete in 1689, when he purchased from Marianna Straszowa his own village of Wola Nieszkowska near Nowy Wiśnicz. The village, which comprised a manor and a church, would remain the seat of the Czerniecki family for generations. In 1694, King John III bestowed on Czerniecki the titular office of ''
podstoli Deputy pantler ( Lithuanian: pastalininkis, Polish: podstoli) was a court office in Poland and Lithuania. They were the deputy of a pantler, and was responsible for the King's and Grand Duke's pantry. From the 14th century, this was an honorary c ...
'' (deputy pantler) of Żytomierz (now
Zhytomyr Zhytomyr ( ; see #Names, below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the Capital city, administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding ...
, Ukraine).


Family

Czerniecki was married at least twice. By his first wife, Anna Rożanecka, he had no fewer than three children – Michał Jan Czerniecki, Teresa Konstancja Czerniecka and Joanna Czerniecka. He married Joanna off to Wojciech Nidecki in 1684 and Teresa Konstancja to Jan Miłkowski in 1686. Court records have been preserved that document Czerniecki's lengthy litigations with his sons-in-law over dowry amounts. Before 1683, Czerniecki married Agnieszka Bielska, with whom he had two children – Anna Czerniecka, married off to Joachim Krzeczowski in 1698, and Antoni Czerniecki. The latter inherited Wola Nieszkowska and married Jadwiga Wyzemberkówna in 1716.


Works

Czerniecki wrote two books – a cookbook and a pamphlet describing the court of Stanisław Lubomirski and the wedding of the latter's granddaughter, Krystyna Lubomirska.


''A Collection of Dishes''

'' Compendium ferculorum'' is the first cookbook to be written originally in Polish. The bilingual, Latin-Polish title, means "A collection of dishes". Czerniecki signed his work as "master chef" (''kuchmistrz'') to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski and dedicated it to the latter's wife and his own "most charitable lady and benefactress", Princess Helena Tekla Lubomirska ''née'' Ossolińska. The book served as an inspiration for the portrayal of an Old Polish banquet in ''
Pan Tadeusz ''Pan Tadeusz'' (full title: ''Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Foray in Lithuania: A Nobility's Tale of the Years 1811–1812, in Twelve Books of Verse'') is an epic poem by the Polish people, Polish poet, writer, translator and philosopher Adam Micki ...
'', the Polish national epic.„Pieśni ogromnych dwanaście..."
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''The Court of Stanisław Lubomirski''

Czerniecki's other book, published in 1697, is a short pamphlet entitled ''The court, grandeur, eminence and governance of His Serene Grace Stanisław Lubomirski of Blessed Memory, Prince of the Roman Empire, Count of Wiśnicz and
Jarosław Jarosław (; , ; ; ) is a town in southeastern Poland, situated on the San (river), San River. The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023. It is the capital of Jarosław County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. History Jarosław is located in the ...
, Voivode of Kraków,
tc. TC, T.C., Tc, Tc, tc, tC, or .tc may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * Theodore "T.C." Calvin, a character on the TV series '' Magnum, P.I.'' and its reboot * Tom Caron, American television host for New England Sports Netw ...
' The booklet also contains a description of the wedding between Krystyna Lubomirska (Stanisław Lubomirski's granddaughter and Aleksander Michał Lubomirski's niece) and
Feliks Kazimierz Potocki Feliks Kazimierz "Szczęsny" Potocki (1630–1702) was a Polish noble, magnate, and military leader. He was the son of Hetman and magnate Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Zofia Kalinowska, and brother of Hetman Andrzej Potocki. He married ...
. The wedding reception was hosted by the bride's father,
Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski Prince Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski (20 January 1616 – 31 December 1667) was a Polish noble (szlachcic), magnate, politician and military commander, and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the initiator of the Lubomirski Rebellion of 166 ...
, and its preparation overseen by Czerniecki himself.


Notes


References


Sources


Secondary

*


Primary

* Complete scan at Polona.pl. {{DEFAULTSORT:Czerniecki, Stanislaw 1630s births 18th-century deaths 17th-century Polish writers 17th-century Polish male writers 17th-century Polish landowners Cookbook writers Polish chefs Polish food writers Military personnel of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth