Stalag VIII-B was a
German Army
The German Army (, "army") is the land component of the armed forces of Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German ''Bundeswehr'' together with the ''Marine'' (German Navy) and the ''Luftwaf ...
prisoner-of-war camp during
World War II, later renumbered Stalag-344, located near the village of Lamsdorf (now
Łambinowice) in
Silesia. The camp initially occupied barracks built to house British and French prisoners in
World War I. At this same location there had been a prisoner camp during the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
Timeline
In the 1860s, the
Prussian Army
The Royal Prussian Army (1701–1919, german: Königlich Preußische Armee) served as the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. It became vital to the development of Brandenburg-Prussia as a European power.
The Prussian Army had its roots in the co ...
established a training area for artillery at a wooded area near Lamsdorf, a small village connected by rail to
Opole
Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ;
* Silesian:
** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole''
** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole''
* Silesian German: ''Uppeln''
* Czech: ''Opolí''
* Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city loc ...
and
Nysa. During the
Franco-Prussian War, a camp for French prisoners of war was established here, which housed some 3000 French POW's. During the
First World War, a much larger POW camp was established here with some 90,000 soldiers of various nationalities interned here. After the treaty of Versailles, the camp was closed down.
It was reopened in 1939 to house
Polish prisoners from the German
invasion of Poland, which started
World War II in September 1939. Later during the war, approximately 100,000 prisoners from
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
,
Belgium,
British India,
British Palestine
Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 i ...
,
Canada,
France,
Greece,
Italy, the
Netherlands,
New Zealand,
Poland,
South Africa, the
Soviet Union, the
United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the
United States and
Yugoslavia passed through this camp. In 1941 a separate camp,
Stalag VIII-F was set up close by to house the
Soviet prisoners.
In 1943, the Lamsdorf camp was split up, and many of the prisoners (and
''Arbeitskommando'') were transferred to two new base camps
Stalag VIII-C
Stalag VIII-C was a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp, near Sagan, Lower Silesia (now Żagań, Poland). It was adjacent to the famous Stalag Luft III, and was built at the beginning of World War II, occupying . It housed Allied POWs of vario ...
Sagan (modern
Żagań) and
Stalag VIII-D Teschen (modern
Český Těšín). The base camp at Lamsdorf was renumbered Stalag 344.
The
Soviet Army reached the camp on 17 March 1945.
In 1945-1946, the camp was used by the Soviet-installed Polish
Ministry of Public Security to house some 8000-9000 Germans, both prisoners of war and
civilians. Polish army personnel being repatriated from POW camps were also processed through Łambinowice and sometimes held there as prisoners for several months. Some were later released, others sent to
Gulags in Siberia. About 1000-1500 German prisoners died in the camp due to malnutrition, lack of medicine and acts of violence and terror by the guards. Camp commander
Czesław Gęborski was later put on trial for his role in running the camp.
Stalag Luft VIII-B
By 1943, the famous camp for Allied flight personnel in Sagan -
Stalag Luft III
, partof = ''Luftwaffe''
, location = Sagan, Lower Silesia, Nazi Germany (now Żagań, Poland)
, image =
, caption = Model of the set used to film the movie ''The Great Escape.'' It depicts a smaller version of a single compound in ''Stalag ...
- had become so overcrowded that about 1,000, mostly
non-commissioned flight personnel, were transferred to Lamsdorf. A part of Stalag VIII-B was separated by building new barbed-wire fences, designated Stalag Luft VIII-B. Thus a camp within a camp was created. However all food was provided from kitchens operated by army personnel in the camp proper.
Medical facilities
The hospital facilities at Stalag VIII-B were among the best in all
Stalag
In Germany, stalag (; ) was a term used for prisoner-of-war camps. Stalag is a contraction of "Stammlager", itself short for ''Kriegsgefangenen-Mannschaftsstammlager'', a literal translation of which is "War-prisoner" (i.e. POW) "enlisted" "ma ...
s. The so-called ''Lazarett'' was set up on a separate site with eleven concrete buildings. Six of them were self-contained wards, each with space for about 100 patients. The others served as treatment blocks with operating theaters,
X-ray and laboratory facilities, as well as kitchens, a morgue, and accommodations for the medical staff.
The lazarett was headed by a German officer with the title ''Oberst Arzt'' ("Colonel Doctor"), but the staff was made up entirely of prisoners. They included general physicians and surgeons, even a neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, anesthesiologist and radiologist.
Evacuation and repatriation
In January 1945, as the Soviet armies resumed their offensive and advanced into Germany, many of the prisoners were marched westward in groups of 200 to 300 in the so-called
Death March. Some died from the bitter cold and exhaustion. The lucky ones got far enough to the west to be liberated by the American army. The unlucky ones got liberated by the Soviets, who instead of turning them over quickly to the western allies, held them as virtual hostages for several more months. Many of them were finally repatriated towards the end of 1945 through the port of
Odessa
Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...
on the
Black Sea.
Arbeitskommandos
There were more than 700 subsidiary ''
Arbeitskommandos'' (working parties outside the main camp) located in various places in present-day southern Poland and northern
Czech Republic. In the second issue of ''The Clarion'' (the camp magazine) in February 1943, the RC Chaplain Father John Berry says that "...there are about 600 Working Parties and ..... you will be able to guess why so many of you will have not yet had a visit". Arbeitskommandos were set up to house lower ranks that were working in the coal mines, quarries, factories and on railways. Among them were:
*
Siołkowice (''Schalkendorf'') - work to strengthen the embankments on the Odra River (50/80 POWs)
*Dzierżno (''Stauwerder''), present-day district of
Pyskowice
*E1 in Łabędy (''Laband'') - (Lager I - Train station) - 1st work at ''Siemens-Bau-UNION'', next at Łabędy (''Laband'') ironworks (221 POWs) Huta "Łabędy" Gliwice
*E2 in
Koźle (''Cosel''), present day district of
Kędzierzyn-Koźle (102 POWs)
*E3 in Blachownia Śląska (''
Blechhammer
The Blechhammer ( en, sheet metal hammer) area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants, prisoner of war (POW) camps, and forced labor camps (german: Arbeitslager Blechhammer; also Nummernbücher). Labor camp prisoners began arriving as ...
''), present day district of
Kędzierzyn-Koźle at ''Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke A.G.''
*E8 in
Krapkowice
Krapkowice (; german: Krappitz; szl, Krapkowicy) is a town in southern Poland with 16,301 inhabitants (2019), situated in the Opole Voivodeship, straddling both banks of the Oder River at the point where it joins with the Osobłoga. It is the re ...
(''Krappitz'') at a paper mill run by ''Natronzellstoff-und Papierfabriken A.G., Werk Krappitz-Zellstof u.Papierfabrik'' (Fabryka Celulozy i Papieru Natronowego w Krapkowicach) (102 POWs)
*E17 in
Opole
Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ;
* Silesian:
** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole''
** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole''
* Silesian German: ''Uppeln''
* Czech: ''Opolí''
* Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city loc ...
at a cement factory
*E22 in
Gliwice-Sośnica (''Gleiwitz-Oehrigen'') at Sośnica (''Sosnitza'') coal mine (290 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E25 in
Radoszowice
Radoszowice (german: Raschwitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemodlin, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Niemodlin and west of the regional capital Opole ...
(''Rauschwalde'')
*E27 coal mine
*E30 in
Opole
Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ;
* Silesian:
** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole''
** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole''
* Silesian German: ''Uppeln''
* Czech: ''Opolí''
* Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city loc ...
-Zakrzów (''Oppeln III (Sakrau)'') at a cement factory (''Oppeln III Portland-Zementwerke''/Cementownia "ODRA")
*E31 in
Smolarnia (''Pechhütte'')/
Chrzelice
Chrzelice (; german: Schelitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Biała, north-east of Prudnik, and south-west of the ...
(''Schelitz'')/
Łącznik (''Lonschnik/Wiesengrund'')
*E42 in
Rudawa (''Rothfest'') at a paper mill run by "Rothfest Papierfabrik dr.Albert Spenner GmbH" company (Głuchołaskie Zakłady Papiernicze Zakład Rudawa)
*E51 in
Zabrze-Mikulczyce (''Hindenburg-Klausberg (Mikultschütz)'') at Mikulczyce (''Abwehrgrube'') coal mine (533 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E55 in Zabrze-Biskupice (''Hindenburg-Borsig'') at Pstrowski (''Hedwigs-Wunschgrube'') coal mine; Borsig-Koks-Werke
*E62 in Gliwice-Sztygarów (Ligota Zabrska) (''Gleiwitz-Steigern (Ellguth-Zabrze)'') (23 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E71 in
Nowa Ruda (''Neurode'') at the Piast (''Rubengrube'') coal mine, building gym "Turnhale" and barracks, and in Drogosław (''Kunzendorf''), present-day district of Nowa Ruda
*E72 in
Bytom
Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital ...
(''Beuthen'') at Bytom (''Beuthengrube'') coal mine (171-204-600 POWs)
*E74 in
Domecko
Domecko (german: Dometzko) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Komprachcice, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
The village has a population of 1,400.
History
The village was first mentioned in t ...
(''Althaus'')
*E75 in
Knurów at the Knurów coal mine (262 POWs); 3 prisoners were shot while escaping in 1944
*E88 in
Wełnowiec (''Hohenlohehütte''), present-day district of
Katowice
Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
, at the Król (''König'') coal mine, "Agnieszka" (''Agneschaft'') east shaft of the Król mine in Agnieszka (''Agneshütte'') colony (177 POWs), and in
Chorzów
Chorzów ( ; ; german: link=no, Königshütte ; szl, Chorzōw) is a city in the Silesia region of southern Poland, near Katowice. Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – a metropolis with a population ...
(''Königshütte'') at Prezydent (''Königsgrube'') coal mine
*E90 in
Olszyniec (''Erlenbusch'') (Nieder Tannhausen)
*E93 in
Zakrzów (''Sakrau'') at a limestone quarry
*E94 in
Malnia
Malnia (German ''Mallnie'', 1936-45: Odergrund) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gogolin, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Gogolin
Gogolin is a tow ...
(''Mallnie/Odergrund'') - "Emilienhoff" Vorwerk, limestone quarry, "Bata" shoe factory and construction ''Reichsautobahn'' motorway; ex-property Malnia "Emilienhof" belonged to Graf von Sponeck
*E110 in Dzierżno (''Stauwerder''), present-day district of
Pyskowice - exploitation of aggregates (39 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E114 in
Velké Kunětice
Velké Kunětice (german: Groß Kunzendorf) is a municipality and village in Jeseník District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Geography
Velké Kunětice is located about northeast of Jeseník and north ...
(''Gross Kunzendorf'') at a stone quarry and factory
*E115 in
Dobra (''Burgwasser''). Three POWs escaped on 18 August 1941
*E116 in
Bělá Bělá, derived from ''bílá'' ('white'), may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
*Bělá (Havlíčkův Brod District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
*Bělá (Opava District), a municipality and village in the Moravian-Sile ...
(''Bielau'')
*E119 in
Mankovice (''Mankendorf'') at a sawmill
*E126 in
Opole
Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ;
* Silesian:
** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole''
** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole''
* Silesian German: ''Uppeln''
* Czech: ''Opolí''
* Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city loc ...
-Półwieś (''Oppeln-Halbendorf'')
*E131 in
Gogolin - Tiefbau Pollok - stone quarry
*E138 in
Racibórz (''Ratibor'') - steel works (''Schondorff Hegenscheidt Werke Ratibor'') (30 POWs), accommodation in a restaurant
*E149 in
Rachowice (''Buchenlust'') - forestry work (68 POWs)
*E150 in
Przywory (''Oderfest'')
*E151 in
Zabrze-Maciejów at the Ludwik-Concordia (''Concordia-grube'') coal mine, Maciej shaft (''Westschacht'') 1941-42 Gewerkschaft Castellengo-Abwehr A.G.~ Vereinigte Oberschlesische Huttenwerke AG Gleiwitz Werk Donnersmarckhutte
*E152 in
Górażdże
Górażdże is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gogolin, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north of Gogolin, north-east of Krapkowice, and south of the regional capital Opole ...
(''Goradze/Waldenstein'') at a limestone quarry
*E154 in Golina-
Pomianów Dolny (''Gollendorf-Nieder Pomsdorf'')
*E155 in
Koźle-Port (''Cosel-Oderhafen'') within present-day city limits of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, at the ''Siemens Papier- und Zellstofwerke Feldmuhle AG'' (Zakłady Papieru i Celulozy Kędzierzyn-Koźle)
*E159 in
Domašov nad Bystřicí (''Domstadtl'') at a quarry
*E162 in
Zdzieszowice
Zdzieszowice (; german: Deschowitz, 1936–1945: ''Odertal O.S.''; szl, Źdźyszowicy) is a town in Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided i ...
(''Oderthal/Deschowitz'') - ''Schaffgotsch Benzin Werke GmbH Odertal'', POWs held near Odertal-Bahnhof-Hotel building
*E171 in
Vápenná
Vápenná (until 1949 Zighartice; german: Setzdorf) is a municipality and village in Jeseník District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Vápenná lies approximately north-west of Jeseník, north of Olo ...
- ''Setzdorf III'' at Neugebauer limestone quarry (29 POWs)
*E172 in Vápenná - ''Setzdorf I'' at a quarry of Alojs Rösner (20 POWs)
*E173 in Vápenná - ''Setzdorf II'' at a quarry of Anton Latzel (60 POWs)
*E183 in
Bierutów (''Bernstadt''), probably at a sugar factory (''Zuckerfabrik Bernstadt'')
*E191 in Steblów (''Stöblau'')
*E195 in
Kopalina (''Roding/Kopaline''), today part of the village of
Ścigów
Ścigów (German: Schiegau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzeleczki, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
Location
It lies approximately west of Strzeleczki, west of Krapkowice, and s ...
*E196 Opoleonoora - cement factory
*E198 in Słupiec (''Schlegel''), present-day district of
Nowa Ruda, at the Słupiec (Jan Baptysta/Jan - Nowa Ruda - ''Johann Baptista-Grube'') coal mine
*E199 in
Wałbrzych (''Waldenburg'') at a glass factory in the Biały Kamień district (''Weißstein Glashüttenwerk Weihrauch & Zimmer'')
*E201 in
Dzierżysław (''Dirschel'') at a gypsum mine
*E203 in Opole, cement works
*E209 in
Bobrek, present-day district of
Bytom
Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital ...
, at the Józef shaft of the Bobrek coal mine (''Gräfin Johanna Schacht'') (111/141 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E211 in
Trzebnica (''Trebnitz''), railway work
*E218 in
Pławniowice
Pławniowice (german: Plawniowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudziniec, within Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Rudziniec, north-west of Gliwice, and west o ...
(''Flössingen'') - 17 POWs worked in the estate of Count von Ballestrem
*E234 in
Czerna (''Tonhain/Tschirne'') at a brickyard
*E243 in
Wrocław (''Breslau'') at municipal gasworks in the Tarnogaj (''Dürrgoy'') district ("Städtische Gasanstalt Dürrgoy")
*E247 in
Głubczyce (''Leobschütz'')
*E253 in
Polska Cerekiew
Polska Cerekiew (, german: Groß Neukirch) is a village in Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Polska Cerekiew. It lies approximately south of Kędzi ...
(''Neukirch'')
*E255 in
Twardawa (''Hartenau'') at a sawmill
*E256 in
Zlaté Hory (''Zuckmantel'')
*E265 in
Kolonowskie
Kolonowskie (german: Colonnowska, sometimes ''Kolonnowska'', 1936–1945 ''Grafenweiler'') is a town in Strzelce County, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,309 inhabitants (2019). It is the seat of Gmina Kolonowskie which has been officially bilin ...
(''Grafenweiler'') at "Kartonagenfabrik Colonnowska GmbH"
*E267 in
Baborów
Baborów (german: Bauerwitz) is a small town in southern Poland near Głubczyce, in the Opole Voivodeship, Głubczyce County, Gmina Baborów. As of December 2021, it has a population of 2,844.
History
The first mention of the town comes from 12 ...
(''Bauerwitz'') at a sugar beet factory (64 POWs)
*E268 in Muszczyna (''Moschendorf'') near
Złotoryja (Stalag VIII-A Görlitz)
*E276 in
Otmuchów (''Ottmachau'') at a sugar beet factory
*E283 in Racibórz (''Ratibor'') at a sugar mill
*E287 in Polska Cerekiew (''Neukirch'')
*E288 in Baborów (''Bauerwitz'')
*E291 in
Radzikowice
Radzikowice (german: Stephansdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nysa, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Nysa and west of the regional capital Opole.
The ...
(''Stephansdorf'')
*E294 in Radzikowice (''Stephansdorf'') at a sugar beet factory
E297 in Starenhiem Markat Gardening.
*E303 in
Pietrzykowice (''Petersweiler'') at a sugar beet factory
*E324 in
Dębieńsko
Dębieńsko (german: Dubensko) is a dzielnica (district) of Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was an independent village, but became administratively part of Leszczyny in 1977, renamed to Czerwionka-Leszczyny in 1992. ...
(''Gross Dubrnsko''), present-day district of
Czerwionka-Leszczyny - 25 POWs worked in private estates (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E330 in
Tuły
Tuły (german: Thule) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lasowice Wielkie, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south of Kluczbork and north-east of the regional capital Opole.
...
(''Thule'')
*E332 in
Rudziniec (''Rudgershagen'') - 37 POWs worked in private estates; (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E341 in
Żyrowa (''Zyrowa/Buchenhöh'') - 25 POWs
*E354 in
Krnov (''Jägerndorf'') at a saw mill and timber goods factory
*E363 in Kuźnia Raciborska (''Ratiborhammer'') -1940-43Eng POW(80), "Schondorff-Hegenscheidt Werke" ("RAFAMET") factory making aircraft parts
*E364 in
Niemysłowice (''Buchelsdorf'') at a saw mill
*E365 in
Strzelce Opolskie (''Gross Strehlitz'') at a lime quarry (150 POWs)
*E371 in
Głuchołazy (''Ziegenhals'') at a furniture factory (''Pantke und Scheitza'')
*E373 in Vlaské (''Blaschke''), Czech Republic at a sawmill
*E389 in
Rudziniec (''Rudgershagen'') at a sawmill "Sägewerk" (15 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E393 in Łaziska Średnie (''Mittel-Lazisk''), present-day district of
Łaziska Górne
Łaziska Górne (german: Ober Lazisk, szl, Gōrne Łaziska) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Borders on the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – metropolis with the population of 2 million. Located in the Silesian Highland ...
, at a power station (158 POWs); (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E399 Sudetenland Cardboard Factory
*E406 in
Zátor
Zátor (german: Seifersdorf) is a municipality and village in Bruntál District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known ...
(''Seifersdorf'') at a brickyard
*E411 in
Szombierki (''Schönberg''), present-day district of
Bytom
Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital ...
, at the
Szombierki Coal Mine (''Hohenzollerngrube'') (38 POWs), (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E414 in
Brzezie (''Hohenbirken''), present-day district of
Racibórz, at a saw mill in Lukasyna/Dębicz (''Lukasine'')
*E415 in Brzezie (''Hohenbirken''), present-day district of Racibórz, at a tile factory in Lukasyna/Dębicz (''Lukasine'')
*E419 in
Opole
Opole (; german: Oppeln ; szl, Ôpole) ;
* Silesian:
** Silesian PLS alphabet: ''Ôpole''
** Steuer's Silesian alphabet: ''Uopole''
* Silesian German: ''Uppeln''
* Czech: ''Opolí''
* Latin: ''Oppelia'', ''Oppolia'', ''Opulia'' is a city loc ...
-Groszowice (''Oppeln Groschowitz'') at a cement factory of the ''Schlesiche Portland Zement-Industrie A.G. Oppeln'' company, which in 1941 was taken over by the ''Verenigte Ost und Mitteldeutsche Zement Aktiengesellschaft'' company
*E428 in
Suchy Bór
Suchy Bór (; german: Derschau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chrząstowice, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of the regional capital Opole.
German language is an additi ...
(''Derschau'') at a sawmill (2nd owner was Berthold Winkler; 34 POWs)
*E431 in Dolní Teplice (''Unter-Weckelsdorf''), present-day district of
Teplice nad Metují
*E446 in
Zlaté Hory (''Zuckmantel'') - 11 POWs working at "Śliweczka" sawmill. Accommodation in the sawmill area.
*E456 in
Kałków (''Kalkau'') - fortifications works (60 POWs)
*E460 building railway bridge
*E478 in
Toszek (''Tost'') at a sawmill (20 POWs); Oflag VIII-D Tost; Oflag 6& Ilag A/H POW(1249-military&civilians), buildings hospital -''Provinzial–Heil- und Pflegeanstalt (Anstalt)''
*E479 in
Tarnowskie Góry (''Tarnowitz'') - railway work (207 POWs)
*E484 in
Nysa (''Neisse'') - labouring
*E486 in Nysa (''Neisse'') - labouring
*E490 in
Bytom
Bytom (Polish pronunciation: ; Silesian: ''Bytōm, Bytōń'', german: Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital ...
(''Beuthen'') at the railway building (32 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E494 in
Gliwice - railway transport at Gliwice Wschodnie (Sośnica) (''Gleiwitz Ost'') station (52 POWs),(Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E508 in
Siemianowice Śląskie (''Siemianowitz-Laurahütte'') - work production of anti-aircraft artillery in the Laura mill (huta "Jedność"; ''Hütte "Laura" Berghütte Königs- und Bismarckhütte AG Rheinmetall-Borsig'')
*E532 in
Radzikowice
Radzikowice (german: Stephansdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nysa, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Nysa and west of the regional capital Opole.
The ...
(''Stephansdorf'')
*E535 in
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec is an industrial city county in the Dąbrowa Basin of southern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship, which is also part of the Silesian Metropolis municipal association.—— Located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Industria ...
(''Sosnowitz'') West at the Milowice (''Milwitzgrube'') coal mine (~500 POWs, 6 barracks)
*E538 in Sosnowiec-Sielec (''Sosnowitz-Sielz'') at the Hrabia Renard coal mine (''Grad Renad Grube'') (526 POWs, barracks on Rzeźnicza street) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E542 in
Łącza
Łącza (german: Latscha, 1936-1945 ''Föhrengrund'') is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudziniec, within Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Rudziniec, west of ...
(''Föhrengrund'')
*E543 in
Dąbrowa Górnicza (''Dombrowa'') at the Paryż (''Paris'') coal mine (423 POWs), 8 barracks at the wood yard of the Koszelew coal mine (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E548 in
Piasek
Piasek (literally ''sand'', german: Sandau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pszczyna, within Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies approximately north of Pszczyna and south of the regional capit ...
(''Sandau'')
*E550 in
Brzezie (''Hohenbirken''), present-day district of
Racibórz, at a tannery in Lukasyna/Dębicz (''Lukasine'')
*E552 in
Zabrze (''Hindenburg'') at the firm of Karl Anton at Philipstr. (40 POWs)
*E560 in
Turawa
Turawa (german: Turawa) is a village in Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) of Gmina Turawa. It is approximately northeast of the regional capital Opole.
Its population is ...
at a sawmill of Graf von Garnier
*E561 in
Jaworzno/
Tarnowskie Góry (''Tarnowitz'') at a railway depot loading and unloading trains
*E562 in
Libiąż
Libiąż is a town in Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 17,671 inhabitants (2004).
Location
Libiąż it located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial District. It belongs to the Upper Silesian conurbation, ...
at the
Janina Coal Mine (''Johanna/Gute Hoffnung'') (250 POWs)
*E563 in Bory Jeleń-
Jaworzno at the Bory (''Robertgrube'') coal mine (157 POWs); and Jaworzno-Bory at the
Sobieski Coal Mine
*E565 in Siersza Wodna, present-day district of
Trzebinia, at the Artur (''Arthurgrube'') coal mine (120 POWs)
*E571 in Grudzice (''Gruden''), present-day district of Opole, at the forestry department
*E578 in
Pyskowice (''Peiskretscham'')
*E579 in Niwka, present-day district of
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec is an industrial city county in the Dąbrowa Basin of southern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship, which is also part of the Silesian Metropolis municipal association.—— Located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Industria ...
- stalag called "Pawiak", 8 barracks for 600/1,000 POWs, Modrzejów (''Modrowgrube'') coal mine ("Theodor Körner" Preussag)
*E580 in
Czeladź at the Saturn coal mine, 8 barracks at Węglowa Street, 352 POWs (British paratroopers); (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E585 in ''Jagerndorf'' at a brickyard
*E586 in Kazimierz, present-day district of Sosnowiec, at the Kazimierz/Juliusz (''Juliusgrube'') coal mine, POWs held in a school building at Ligonia 3a street in Pekin-Porąbka
*E587 in Czeladź-Piaski at the Czeladź coal mine (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E593 in
Szombierki (''Schönberg''), present-day district of Bytom, at the Szombierki Coal Mine (''Hohenzollerngrube'') (416 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E594 in
Chorzów
Chorzów ( ; ; german: link=no, Königshütte ; szl, Chorzōw) is a city in the Silesia region of southern Poland, near Katowice. Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – a metropolis with a population ...
(''Königshütte Ost'') at a nitrogen plant - Górnośląskie Zakłady Azotowe (''Oberschlesische Stickstoffwerke'') (197 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E596 in
Jaworzno - ''Dachs'' - Piłsudski (''Friedrich-August grube'') coal mine (245/400 POWs)
*E600 in
Głogówek (''Oberglogau'') at a sugar factory - Cukrownia Głogówek (''Hotzenplotzer Zuckerfabrik'')
*E603 in
Zabrze (''Hindenburg'') at a rolling mill "Walzmühle-Tänzer" (31 POWs); (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E604 in
Bukowo (''Georgenwerk'') - forestry work (10 POWs)
*E608 in
Kaniów (''Hirschfelde'') at forestry and agricultural works (50 POWs). In 1942, 2 prisoners were shot for refusing to work.
*E701 in Czułów (''Czulow''), present-day district of
Tychy, at a paper factory (''Zellulose und Papierfabrik'')
*E702 in Klimontów, present-day district of Sosnowiec, at the Klimontów (''Bismarck'') coal mine,
*E703 in
Popielów (''Poppelau'') at a sawmill
*E704 in
Sukowice
Sukowice (german: Suckowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cisek, within Kędzierzyn-Koźle County, Opole Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Cisek, south of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, and south ...
/
Zakrzów (''Rosengrund'')
*E706 in Zabrze-Biskupice (''Hindenburg-Biskupitz'') at firm "Borsig-Kokswerke AG" and "Szczęście Ludwika" (''Ludwigsglück'') coal mine (36 POWs)
*E707 in
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec is an industrial city county in the Dąbrowa Basin of southern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship, which is also part of the Silesian Metropolis municipal association.—— Located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Industria ...
(''Sosnowitz'') - 119 British POWs worked in area of the city (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E708 in Łabędy (''Laband''), present-day district of Gliwice - construction of railway track (101 POWs); "Baugesellschaft Kahlenbach" (64 POWs), "Vereinigte Deutsche Nickelwerke AG" (37 POWs)
*E711 in
Bierawa (''Reigersfeld'') at a chemical plant of
IG Farben
Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (), commonly known as IG Farben (German for 'IG Dyestuffs'), was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate (company), conglomerate. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies—BASF, ...
company (246 POWs)
*E711A in
Kędzierzyn-Koźle at a chemical plant at
Heydebreck
Heydebreck was a Nazi Germany village area with POW camps Arbeitskommando E711A and Bau und Arbeits (BAB, en, Building and Labor) camp 20 aWinter 2004 , b (renamed E794 in November 1944). Five km west
*
* in the Cosel district was a subcam ...
*E714 in Blachownia Śląska (''
Blechhammer
The Blechhammer ( en, sheet metal hammer) area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants, prisoner of war (POW) camps, and forced labor camps (german: Arbeitslager Blechhammer; also Nummernbücher). Labor camp prisoners began arriving as ...
''), present day district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle - BAB21, BAB48 (Bau Arbeit Bataillon) from 1942 to November 1944 (550/600 POWs), both battalions merged into one battalion in March 1943 (1,100 POWs)
*E715 in
Monowice
Monowitz (also known as Monowitz-Buna, Buna and Auschwitz III) was a Nazi concentration camp and labor camp (''Arbeitslager'') run by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland from 1942–1945, during World War II and the Holocaust. For most of its exis ...
at the
IG Farben
Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG (), commonly known as IG Farben (German for 'IG Dyestuffs'), was a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate (company), conglomerate. Formed in 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies—BASF, ...
chemical factory. Set up in September 1943, it housed about 1,200 prisoners, mostly British.
*E719 in Gliwice-Sztygarów (Ligota Zabrska) (''Gleiwitz-Steigern (Ellguth Zabrze)'') at ''Reichswerke Hermann Göring'' (290 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E721 in
Kałków-
Łąka (''Kalkau-Wiesau'') at a sugar factory ''Zuckerfabrik Ottmachau''
*E724 in
Świętochłowice (''Schwientochlowitz'') at smelter "Florian" (''Falvahütte'') (198 POWs)
*E725 in
Chorzów
Chorzów ( ; ; german: link=no, Königshütte ; szl, Chorzōw) is a city in the Silesia region of southern Poland, near Katowice. Chorzów is one of the central cities of the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – a metropolis with a population ...
at the Batory smelter (''Bismarckhütte'') (268 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E727 in Miechowice (''Mechtal''), present-day district of Bytom, at a power station (346 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E728 in
Nový Bohumín (''Neu Oderberg''), present-day part of
Bohumín
*E732 in
Szczakowa
Szczakowa is a district of the Polish city of Jaworzno. It is located in the northern part of the city and is one of the most important rail hubs of the area.
It was first mentioned in 1427 as ''Sczacowa''. In the years 1933–1956, it was a separ ...
(''Schakowa''), present-day district of
Jaworzno - work at railway embankments (152 POWs)
*E734 in
Szopienice (''Schoppintiz''), present-day district of
Katowice
Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
*E737 in
Fosowskie
Fosowskie (german: Vossowska, 1936-45: ''Vosswalde''), also called ''Wosowska'' between 1945 and 1948, is a district of the southern Polish town of Kolonowskie, Strzelce County, Opole Voivodeship, located at the Mała Panew river.
History
Fosow ...
(''Vosswalde''), present-day district of Kolonowskie - ''Chemische Fabrik Vosswalde'' produced charcoal, which was bagged and sent out by rail, and its by-product of wood alcohol.
*E738 in Trzebinia at a refinery managed by ''Erdöl Raffinerie Gmbh'' (200-300 POWs), (Stalag VIII-B Teschen). The refinery was bombed and destroyed by the Allied air force on 7 August 1944
*E739 in Zielona (''Grunkolonie''), present-day district of Dąbrowa Górnicza, at Bankowa (''Bankhütte'') Steel and Ironworks at Zielona Street (152 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E740 in
Kobiór (''Kobier'') at an ammunition depot (84 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E742 in
Łaziska Górne
Łaziska Górne (german: Ober Lazisk, szl, Gōrne Łaziska) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Borders on the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – metropolis with the population of 2 million. Located in the Silesian Highland ...
(''Ober Lazisk'') at ''Electrowerke'' factory (124/150 POWs), 2 barracks in the Kopania colony in Łaziska Górne
*E744 in Kazimierz Górniczy, present-day district of Sosnowiec, at the Kazimierz-Juliusz (''Kasimir-Julius/Kasimirgrube'') coal mine (497/800 POWs), barracks near Brunona Jasieńskiego street.
*E746 in Chorzów (''Königshütte'') - work in construction (601 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E748 in
Bobrek, present-day district of Bytom, at the railway (48 POWs) (XII - 1943 - Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E749 in Pyskowice (''Peiskretscham'') at the railway (187 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E750 in
Katowice
Katowice ( , , ; szl, Katowicy; german: Kattowitz, yi, קאַטעוויץ, Kattevitz) is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th most popul ...
(''Kattowitz'') at Huta Baildon (''Baildonhütte'') (66 POWs)
*E753 in
Sierakowice (''Graumannsdorf/Schierakowitz'') - work in forestry (21 POWs)
*E754 in Czeladź at the Mars coal mine (252 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E755 in Wojkowice Komorne (''Wojkowitz Komorne''), now
Wojkowice, at the Jupiter coal mine, Saturn cement mill (UK RAF, French and Italian POWs). Stalag was located in the area of today's Wojkowice prison.
*E756 in
Radzionków
Radzionków (; german: Radzionkau, ) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Borders on the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union – metropolis with the population of 2 million. Located in the Silesian Highlands.
It is situated ...
(''Radzionkau'') at the Radzionków coal mine (''Radzionkaugrube'') (155 POWs), barracks located at the mine (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E757 in Kalety (''Stahlhammer'') - at a paper factory (''Zellstoff und Papierfabrik Natronag AG''/Fabryka Celulozy i Papieru Natronag S.A.) (60 POWs), the building of the factory nursery served as a POW camp; in
Chebzie
Chebzie (german: Morgenroth) is a district in the east of Ruda Śląska, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has an area of 1.7 km2 and was inhabited by 1,101 people.
History
The settlement evolved around an inn built in the late 18 ...
(''Morgenroth''), present-day district of
Ruda Śląska at a zinc smelter, and in Janów, present-day district of Katowice at a coal mine (Jutrzenka/Wieczorek?)
*E758 in Knurów at Dworcowa street (169 POWs, 2 buildings)
*E759 in Gliwice (''Gleiwitz'') - 49 POWs worked in public transport (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E760 in Bobrek, present-day district of Bytom - work for the Narrow-Gauge Railway Authority (58 POWs) (XII - 1943 Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E761 in Bobrek, present-day district of Bytom - transport (17 POWs) (XII - 1943 Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E762 in Bobrek, present-day district of Bytom at a concrete factory (''Beton u.Monierbetrieb'') (10 POWs) (XII - 1943 Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E770 in Otmęt (''Ottmuth''), present-day district of
Krapkowice
Krapkowice (; german: Krappitz; szl, Krapkowicy) is a town in southern Poland with 16,301 inhabitants (2019), situated in the Opole Voivodeship, straddling both banks of the Oder River at the point where it joins with the Osobłoga. It is the re ...
, at the Bata shoe factory (''OTA – Schlesische Schuhwerke Ottmuth A.G.''/Śląskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego „Otmęt”)
*E778 in
Skorogoszcz
Skorogoszcz (German ''Schurgast'') is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lewin Brzeski, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Lewin Brzeski, south-east of Brzeg, and north ...
(''Schurgast'') - POW works in a field hospital "SS LAZARET"
*E782 in Kuźnia Raciborska (''Ratiborhammer''), est. 11 July 1944
*E794 in Kędzierzyn (''Heydebreck''), present-day district of
Kędzierzyn-Koźle - BAB20, BAB40 (Bau Arbeit Bataillon) from 1942 to November 1944 (550/600 POWs), both battalions merged into one battalion in March 1943 (1,100/1,180 POWs)
*E795 in
Burgrabice
Burgrabice (german: Borkendorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głuchołazy, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately north-west of Głuchołazy, sout ...
(''Borkendorf'') at ''Landesflussbauamt Neisse''/Krajowy Urząd Robót Wodnych "Nysa"
*E798 in
Grodziec (''Friedrichsgrätz'') - forestry work (Stalag VIII-B Teschen/Czeski Cieszyn)
*E799 in
Krasiejów
Krasiejów (german: Krascheow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ozimek, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Ozimek and east of the regional capital Opole.
The villa ...
(''Schönhorst'') - forestry work
*E800 in Kłodnica (''Klodnitz''), present-day district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle - work in forestry
*E902 in Zabrze (''Hindenburg'') at the Makoszowy coal mine (''Delbrückschachte'') (460 POWs) (Stalag VIII-B Teschen)
*E902 coal mine
*E22050 gas works transport
British POWs at Auschwitz
E715 was a POW camp for British prisoners which was administered and guarded by soldiers from
Wehrmacht because it was a subcamp of Stalag VIII-B camp. However, as it was attached to the
Monowitz concentration camp (codenamed Buna after the
synthetic rubber
A synthetic rubber is an artificial elastomer. They are polymers synthesized from petroleum byproducts. About 32-million metric tons of rubbers are produced annually in the United States, and of that amount two thirds are synthetic. Synthetic rubbe ...
it made) which was one of the 28 sub-camps under the control of
Auschwitz III
Monowitz (also known as Monowitz-Buna, Buna and Auschwitz III) was a Nazi concentration camp and labor camp (''Arbeitslager'') run by Nazi Germany in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied Poland from 1942–1945, during World War II and t ...
, the
SS had effective control. E715 was next to the I.G. Farben chemical plant just a few hundred meters away from the entrance to Monowitz.
The first 200 British POWs arrived at Auschwitz in September 1943 but over the winter of 1943 another 1,400 British POWs (mostly captured in
North Africa) were transported to E715. Between February and March 1944, 800 were transferred to camps at
Blechhammer
The Blechhammer ( en, sheet metal hammer) area was the location of Nazi Germany chemical plants, prisoner of war (POW) camps, and forced labor camps (german: Arbeitslager Blechhammer; also Nummernbücher). Labor camp prisoners began arriving as ...
and
Heydebreck-Cosel
Heydebreck was a Nazi Germany village area with POW camps Arbeitskommando E711A and Bau und Arbeits (BAB, en, Building and Labor) camp 20 aWinter 2004 , b (renamed E794 in November 1944). Five km west
*
* in the Cosel district was a subcamp o ...
in Germany. After that, British POWs numbers remained approximately 600 for the remainder of the war. Most prisoners were
put to work in machine shops making pipes and repairing chemical plant equipment.
POWs regularly bore witness to the atrocities occurring at Monowitz because the SS made no attempt to conceal their brutality; the Allied prisoners routinely saw inmates from the Arbeitslagers being hanged, pushed off buildings, fatally beaten and shot.
Some POWs made contact with concentration camp inmates and passed on information about the war's progress that had been acquired using secret radios in the POW camp. Sergeant
Charles Coward even managed to pass intelligence about the atrocities occurring at Monowitz through letters to the British War Office. This led to representatives from the
Red Cross making two visits to E715 in the summer 1944.
With the start of the Soviet
Vistula–Oder Offensive in January 1945, Auschwitz was evacuated by the SS. The Wehrmacht closed POW camp E715 on January 21, 1945 forcing the British POWs to undertake a
forced march to
Stalag VII-A at
Moosburg in Germany. Three days earlier, the inmates of Monowitz had been sent on their own death march to
Gleiwitz
Gliwice (; german: Gleiwitz) is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. The city is located in the Silesian Highlands, on the Kłodnica river (a tributary of the Oder River, Oder). It lies approximately 25 km west from Katowice, the re ...
near the Czech border where they boarded trains to
Buchenwald in Germany and
Mauthausen in Austria. Although the British POWs received better treatment than the concentration camp prisoners, they only received slightly more food. In April 1945, the British POWs at Auschwitz were liberated by the U.S. Army at Stalag VII A in Moosburg.
Sgt. Charles Coward testified about what he saw at Monowitz at the
IG Farben Trial during the
Nuremberg trials:
I made it a point to get one of the guards to take me to town under the pretense of buying new razor blades and stuff for our boys. For a few cigarettes he pointed out to me the various places where they had the gas chambers and the places where they took them down to be cremated. Everyone to whom I spoke gave the same story - the people in the city of Auschwitz, the SS men, concentration camp inmates, foreign workers - everyone said that thousands of people were being gassed and cremated at Auschwitz, and that the inmates who worked with us and who were unable to continue working because of their physical condition and were suddenly missing, had been sent to the gas chambers. The inmates who were selected to be gassed went through the procedure of preparing for a bath, they stripped their clothes off, and walked into the bathing room. Instead of showers, there was gas. All the camp knew it. All the civilian population knew it. I mixed with the civilian population at Auschwitz. I was at Auschwitz nearly every day...Nobody could live in Auschwitz and work in the plant, or even come down to the plant without knowing what was common knowledge to everybody.
Even while still at Auschwitz we got radio broadcasts from the outside speaking about the gassings and burnings at Auschwitz. I recall one of these broadcasts was by Anthony Eden himself. Also, there were pamphlets dropped in Auschwitz and the surrounding territory, one of which I personally read, which related what was going on in the camp at Auschwitz. These leaflets were scattered all over the countryside and must have been dropped from planes. They were in Polish and German. Under those circumstances, nobody could be at or near Auschwitz without knowing what was going on.[Affidavit Copy of Document NI-11696, Prosecution Exhibit 1462, Nuremberg Trials]
In 1998,
Arthur Dodd, a former British POW from Camp E715, published ''Spectator In Hell'', a book about his time imprisoned at Monowitz.
References
;Notes
;Bibliography
New Zealand On-line historyCamps in Silesia*
History of the Lamsdorf camps (1870, World War I, World War II Stalag 344/VIII-B, Stalag 318/VIII-F and post-war German camp) and the
Blechhammer camps
External links
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{{Authority control
World War II prisoner of war camps in Germany
World War II sites in Poland