''Squalus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

dogfish shark Squalidae, more commonly known as dogfish, dog sharks, or spiny dogfish, are one of several families of sharks categorized under Squaliformes, making it the second largest order of sharks, numbering 119 species across 7 families. Having earned ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Squalidae Squalidae, more commonly known as dogfish, dog sharks, or spiny dogfish, are one of several families of sharks categorized under Squaliformes, making it the second largest order of sharks, numbering 119 species across 7 families. Having earned t ...

. Commonly known as spurdogs, these

shark Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachi ...

s are characterized by smooth

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through c ...

spines, teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size,

caudal peduncle Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as see ...

with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present, and

caudal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...

without subterminal notch. In spurdogs, the hyomandibula (the bone connecting the braincase to the jaws) is oriented at a right angle to the

neurocranium In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skul ...

, while in other sharks, the hyomandibula runs more parallel to the body. This led some to think that the upper jaw of ''Squalus'' would not be as protractile as the jaws of other sharks. However, a study that compared different jaw suspension types in sharks showed that this is not the case and that ''Squalus'' is quite capable of protruding its upper jaw during feeding.Wilga, C.D., Motta, P.J. & Sanford, C.P. (2007): Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs. ''Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47 (1): 55-69.'' The name comes from ''squalus'', the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

for shark; this word is the root for numerous words related to sharks such as squaline and

scientific name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bo ...

s for sharks, such as the order

Squaliformes The Squaliformes are an order of sharks that includes about 126 species in seven families. Members of the order have two dorsal fins, which usually possess spines, they usually have a sharp head, no anal fin or nictitating membrane, and fiv ...

Species

Currently, 32 recognized species are placed in this genus: * ''

Squalus acanthias The spiny dogfish (''Squalus acanthias''), spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish is one of the best known species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks, which is part of the Squaliformes order. While these common names may apply to several ...

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologi ...

(spiny dogfish) * '' Squalus albicaudus'' Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Brazilian whitetail dogfish) Viana, S.T.d.F., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Gomes, U.L. (2016): Taxonomy and morphology of species of the genus ''Squalus'' Linnaeus, 1758 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes: Squalidae). ''Zootaxa, 4133 (1): 1-89.'' * '' Squalus albifrons''

Last A last is a mechanical form shaped like a human foot. It is used by shoemakers and cordwainers in the manufacture and repair of shoes. Lasts typically come in pairs and have been made from various materials, including hardwoods, cast iron ...

, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern highfin spurdog) * '' Squalus altipinnis''

, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (western highfin spurdog) * '' Squalus bahiensis'' Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (northeastern Brazilian dogfish) * '' Squalus blainville'' ( A. Risso, 1827) (longnose spurdog) * '' Squalus brevirostris'' S. Tanaka (I), 1917 (Japanese shortnose spurdog) * ''

Squalus bucephalus The bighead spurdog (''Squalus bucephalus'') is a rare and little-known species of dogfish shark in the family Squalidae. It is found in deep water south of New Caledonia, and over the Norfolk Ridge. Reaching at least in length, this stocky sha ...

, Séret & Pogonoski, 2007 (bighead spurdog) * ''

Squalus chloroculus The greeneye spurdog (''Squalus chloroculus'') is a species of dogfish described in 2007. It is a member of the family Squalidae, found off the coast of southeastern Australia. The length of the longest specimen measured is . It was considered ...

, W. T. White & Motomura, 2007 (greeneye spurdog) * ''

Squalus clarkae ''Squalus clarkae'', also known as Genie's dogfish, is a species of shark from the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic. It was described in 2018 and named in honor of ichthyologist Eugenie Clark Eugenie Clark (May 4, 1922 – February 25, 201 ...

'' Pfleger, Grubbs, Cotton & Daly-Engel, 2018 (Genie's dogfish) * ''

Squalus crassispinus ''Squalus crassispinus'', the fatspine spurdog, is a dogfish of the family Squalidae, found on the continental shelf off the northern coast of Western Australia, at depths of . The length of the longest male specimen measured is . ''Squalus ...

, M. J. Edmunds &

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, 2007 (fatspine spurdog) * '' Squalus cubensis'' Howell-Rivero, 1936 (Cuban dogfish) * '' Squalus edmundsi'' W. T. White,

& J. D. Stevens, 2007 (Edmund's spurdog) * ''

Squalus formosus The Taiwan spurdog (''Squalus formosus'') is a species of shark in the genus ''Squalus''. It was accidentally found in Taiwan's Tashi fish market by William Toby White and a colleague of the CSIRO in Hobart, Australia. They named it ''S. formosu ...

'' W. T. White & Iglésias, 2011 (Taiwan spurdog) * '' Squalus grahami'' W. T. White,

& J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern longnose spurdog) * ''

Squalus griffini The northern spiny dogfish (''Squalus griffini''), also known as the brown dogfish, grey spiny dogfish or Griffin's dogfish, is a marine species of the family Squalidae, found off New Zealand's North Island. The length of the longest specimen ...

Phillipps Phillipps is both a given name and an English surname. Notable people with the name include: "Phillipps" has also been a shortened version of Philippson, a German surname especially prevalent amongst German Jews and Dutch Jews. People with th ...

, 1931 (northern spiny dogfish) * '' Squalus hawaiiensis'' Daly-Engel, Koch,

Anderson Anderson or Andersson may refer to: Companies * Anderson (Carriage), a company that manufactured automobiles from 1907 to 1910 * Anderson Electric, an early 20th-century electric car * Anderson Greenwood, an industrial manufacturer * Anderson ...

Cotton Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus ''Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor perce ...

, Grubbs, 2018 (Hawaiian spurdog) * ''

Squalus hemipinnis The Indonesian shortsnout spurdog (''Squalus hemipinnis'') is a Squaliformes, dogfish described in 2007. It is a member of the family (biology), family Squalidae, found off Indonesia. The length of the longest specimen measured is . References

'' W. T. White,

, 2007 (Indonesian shortsnout spurdog) * ''

Squalus japonicus The Japanese spurdog (''Squalus japonicus'') is a dogfish, a member of the family Squalidae. It is found in the western Pacific Ocean – southeastern Japan and the East China Sea, including the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, and the Arafur ...

'' Ishikawa, 1908 (Japanese spurdog) * '' Squalus lalannei'' Baranes, 2003 (Seychelles spurdog) * '' Squalus lobularis'' Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Atlantic lobefin dogfish) * '' Squalus megalops'' ( W. J. Macleay, 1881) (shortnose spurdog) * '' Squalus melanurus'' Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (blacktailed spurdog) * '' Squalus mitsukurii'' D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1903 (shortspine spurdog) * '' Squalus montalbani'' Whitley, 1931 (Indonesian greeneye spurdog) * '' Squalus nasutus''

, L. J. Marshall & W. T. White, 2007 (western longnose spurdog) * ''

Squalus notocaudatus ''Squalus notocaudatus'', the bartail spurdog, is a dogfish of the family Squalidae, found on the continental shelf off Queensland, Australia, at depths between 220 and 450 m. The length of the longest specimen measured, an immature male ...

, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (bartail spurdog) * ''

Squalus quasimodo The humpback western dogfish (''Squalus quasimodo'') is a Squaliformes, dogfish described in 2016. It is a member of the family (biology), family Squalidae, found off the coast of Brazil. The length of the longest specimen measured is .This shar ...

'' Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (humpback western dogfish) * '' Squalus rancureli'' Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (Cyrano spurdog) * ''

Squalus raoulensis The Kermadec spiny dogfish (''Squalus raoulensis'') is a dogfish described in 2007. It is a member of the family Squalidae, found off the Kermadec Islands. The length of the longest specimen measured is . In June 2018 the New Zealand Departmen ...

'' Duffy &

, 2007 (Kermadec spiny dogfish) *'' Squalus shiraii'' Viana & M. R. de Carvalho, 2020 (Shirai's spurdog) * ''

Squalus suckleyi The Pacific spiny dogfish (''Squalus suckleyi'') is a common species of the Squalidae (dogfish) family of sharks and are among the most abundant species of sharks in the world. This species is closely related to ''Squalus acanthias'' and for many ...

'' ( Girard, 1855) (Pacific spiny dogfish) Image:Spiny dogfish.jpg, ''

'' Image:Squalus altipinnis.jpg, '' Squalus altipinnis'' Image:Squalus blainville.jpg, '' Squalus blainville'' Image:Squalus bucephalus JNC2621 Body.JPG, ''

'' Image:Squalus chloroculus.jpg, ''

'' Image:Squalus crassispinus.jpg, ''

'' Image:Squalus cubensis eits.jpg, '' Squalus cubensis'' Image:Squalus megalops.jpg, '' Squalus megalops'' Image:Squalus melanurus JNC2719 Body.JPG, '' Squalus melanurus'' Image:HutoTZ.jpg, '' Squalus mitsukurii''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q737224 Extant Campanian first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Species

See also

References