Squalodontidae or the shark-toothed dolphins is an extinct family of large
toothed whales
The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. Seventy-three species of t ...
who had long narrow jaws.
Squalodontids are known from all continents except Antarctica, from the
Oligocene to the
Neogene, but they had a maximal diversity and global distribution during the Late Oligocene and Early to Middle
Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...
().
With their cosmopolitan Miocene distribution and
heterodont dentition, squalodontids are the most common and basal platanistoids. They are relatively large odontocetes, comparable in size to extant
mesoplodont whale
Mesoplodont whales are 16 species of toothed whale in the genus ''Mesoplodon'', making it the largest genus in the cetacean order (biology), order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 (pygmy beaked whale) and 2002 (Perrin's beaked wha ...
s. The
premaxilla
The premaxilla (or praemaxilla) is one of a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing teeth. In humans, they are fused with the maxilla. The "premaxilla" of therian mammal has ...
e on their elongated
rostrum
Rostrum may refer to:
* Any kind of a platform for a speaker:
**dais
**pulpit
* Rostrum (anatomy), a beak, or anatomical structure resembling a beak, as in the mouthparts of many sucking insects
* Rostrum (ship), a form of bow on naval ships
* Ros ...
have large and slightly convex fossae for the air sacs associated with the presence of a
melon
A melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae with sweet, edible, and fleshy fruit. The word "melon" can refer to either the plant or specifically to the fruit. Botanically, a melon is a kind of berry, specifically a " pepo". Th ...
, indicating the ability for echolocation.
''
Squalodon
''Squalodon'' is an extinct genus of whales of the Oligocene and Miocene epochs, belonging to the family Squalodontidae. Named by Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup in 1840, it was originally believed to be an iguanodontid dinosaur but has sinc ...
'' and ''
Eosqualodon'' are based on partial or complete skulls. The
synapomorphic traits of the family are, however, based mostly on one of the bones of the inner ear, the
periotic bone The periotic bone is the single bone that surrounds the inner ear of mammals. It is formed from the fusion of the prootic, epiotic, and opisthotic bones.
References
External links
* http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-perioticbone.html
...
, which is unknown in these genera except in ''Squalodon''. The
monophyly
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
of the family is, therefore, uncertain. ''
Patriocetus'' has also been included.
Some squalodontids are known from rather complete fossils, but most were described based on a few isolated teeth. Squalodontids are most likely very distantly related to extant
oceanic dolphin
Oceanic dolphins or Delphinidae are a widely distributed family of dolphins that live in the sea. Close to forty extant species are recognised. They include several big species whose common names contain "whale" rather than "dolphin", such as the ...
s but, according to French palaeontologist
Christian de Muizon, more closely related to the
South Asian river dolphin
South Asian river dolphins are toothed whales in the genus ''Platanista'', which inhabit fresh water habitats in the northern Indian subcontinent. They were historically considered to be one species (''P. gangetica'') with the Ganges river dol ...
(''Platanista gangetica'').
The genus ''Squalodon'' was named by French naturalist
Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup (31 December 1782 – 25 August 1862) was a French physician and naturalist.
He completed his medical studies at Montpellier and remained attached to the countryside of the southwest of France. In company with h ...
in 1840
based on a jaw fragment he thought belonged to a reptile. Fossils discovered later, nevertheless, showed that this was a toothed whale. In extant odontocetes, however, the dentition is
atavistic with all teeth reduced to simple, undifferentiated conical shapes. In squalodonts the teeth resemble those of the archaic whales,
Archaeoceti
Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene (). Representing the earliest cetacean radiation, they include the initial ...
, with conical incisors anteriorly and low-crowned, serrated teeth posteriorly.
References
Notes
Sources
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Prehistoric toothed whales
Chattian first appearances
Miocene extinctions
Prehistoric mammal families
{{Paleo-whale-stub