Spyros Spyromilios ( el, Σπύρος Σπυρομήλιος; 1864–1930) was a
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
Gendarmerie
Wrong info! -->
A gendarmerie () is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term ''gendarme'' () is derived from the medieval French expression ', which translates to " men-at-arms" (literally, ...
officer and guerilla fighter who took part in the
Greco-Turkish War of 1897
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War ( el, Ατυχής πόλεμος, Atychis polemos), was a w ...
, the
Greek Struggle for Macedonia
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
, and the
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars refers to a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan States in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan States of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defe ...
. In 1914 he proclaimed the Autonomy of his native town,
Himarra, and joined the
autonomist struggle of Northern Epirus against its inclusion within the newly established
Principality of Albania
The Principality of Albania ( al, Principata e Shqipërisë or ) refers to the short-lived monarchy in Albania, headed by Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, that lasted from the Treaty of London of 1913 which ended the First Balkan War, through ...
.
Early life
Spyromilios was born in
Himarra, then
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, to a historical family of the region.
He entered a naval school in
Kephalonia
Kefalonia or Cephalonia ( el, Κεφαλονιά), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It ...
and had the privilege to visit many European ports. He applied to study at the School of Naval Trials, however, was declined entry because he has over 19 years of age. By the recommendation of his relative, Ioannis Spyromilios, who was a gendarme commander, he enlisted in the
Hellenic Gendarmerie
The Hellenic Gendarmerie (, ''Elliniki Chorofylaki'') was the national gendarmerie and military police (until 1951) force of Greece.
History
19th century
The Greek Gendarmerie was established after the enthronement of Otto of Greece, King Otto ...
in 1883 where he would soon become an officer.
Career
Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Spyromilios had been a member of the
Ethniki Etaireia nationalist organization prior to the war and upon its outbreak, was placed as the head of its volunteer corps. He acted as the force commander of 67 gendarmes on the Epirus front and was in the battles around
Preveza
Preveza ( el, Πρέβεζα, ) is a city in the region of Epirus, northwestern Greece, located on the northern peninsula at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. It is the capital of the regional unit of Preveza, which is part of the region of Epiru ...
and
Nikopolis
Nicopolis ( grc-gre, Νικόπολις, Nikópolis, City of Victory) or Actia Nicopolis was the capital city of the Roman province of Epirus Vetus. It was located in the western part of the modern state of Greece. The city was founded in 29 ...
. Having made a name for himself within the
Ethniki Etaireia, he was later commissioned to care for refugees from Crete following the
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)
The Cretan Revolt of 1897–1898 was a successful insurrection by the Greek population of Crete against the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The insurrectionists initially received supplies and armed support from the Kingdom of Greece and later also fr ...
.
Macedonian Struggle
Spyromilios, who had now held the rank of
Lieutenant
A lieutenant ( , ; abbreviated Lt., Lt, LT, Lieut and similar) is a commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations.
The meaning of lieutenant differs in different militaries (see comparative military ranks), but it is often sub ...
, entered the service of the
Hellenic Macedonian Committee
The Macedonian Committee ( gr, Μακεδονικό Κομιτάτο, ''Makedoniko Komitato''), formally the Hellenic Macedonian Committee (Ελληνομακεδονικό Κομιτάτο, ''Ellinomakedoniko Komitato''), was a Greek revolutionary ...
and began his work with the Greek Consulate General of
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area, and the capi ...
in 1904. He and the group of Cretans which he had recruited, began operation in the
Kilkis regional unit, however, in the early days of 1905 he would return to Greece with other officers to reorganize their armed bands. In May 1905, he re-entered
Macedonia with one of the first armed groups from the free
Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece ( grc, label=Greek, Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος ) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, where ...
to be assembled for the developing
Macedonian Struggle
The Macedonian Struggle ( bg, Македонска борба; el, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας; mk, Борба за Македонија; sr, Борба за Македонију; tr, Makedonya Mücadelesi) was a series of social, po ...
. Adopting the ''
nom de guerre
A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true name (orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individua ...
'' "''Athalis Bouas''" or "''Kapetan Bouas''", he led his own group of 35 men in the region of
Vermio in collaboration with band of another Makedonomachos,
Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian
Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian ( el, Κωνσταντίνος Μαζαράκης-Αινιάν, 1869–1949) was a Hellenic Army officer who rose to the rank of Lieutenant General.
Life
Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian was born in the island of Kyth ...
(Kapetan Akritas). He was however wounded in his left leg within days, in an exchange of fire with pro-Bulgarian ''
Komitadji
Komitadji, Comitadjis, or Komitas (Bulgarian, Macedonian and sr, Комити, Serbian Latin: ''Komiti'', ro, Comitagiu, gr, Κομιτατζής, plural: Κομιτατζήδες, tr, Komitacı, sq, Komit) means in Turkish "committee memb ...
s.'' He was forced to go to
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area, and the capi ...
to be treated and remained there for 4 months while the majority of his men joined the band of .
Goudi Coup
By 1909, Spyromilios had risen to the rank of Captain and had become a founding member of the "Military Association," which organized the
Goudi military coup d'état. He took an active role in the coup which brought
Eleftherios Venizelos
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...
to power and was later elected as a member of parliament for
Arta.
Balkan Wars
At the outbreak of the
First Balkan War
The First Balkan War ( sr, Први балкански рат, ''Prvi balkanski rat''; bg, Балканска война; el, Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; tr, Birinci Balkan Savaşı) lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and invo ...
in October 1912, he was positioned at the
Ionian island of
Corfu
Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...
.
There, he assembled a small corps of volunteers from his home region, augmented by 200 Cretan volunteers with whom he liberated
Filiates
Filiates ( el, Φιλιάτες; ) is a town and a municipality in Thesprotia, Greece. It is located in the northernmost part of the regional unit, bordering western Ioannina regional unit and southern Albania.
Name
The region of Filiates was kno ...
and intercepted the Ottoman attempt to retake it. On 5 November, Himarra
rose in revolt and his force landed and occupied this coastal region, without initially facing resistance. Spyromylios then suggested to the Greek Prime Minister
Eleftherios Venizelos
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...
that the Greek Army should immediately capture the city of
Avlona, north of Himarra. However, on November 28, the Albanians declared their independence in same city and formed a provisional government. Spyromilios was successful in attracting villages in the region to join his movement and clashes soon broke out against
Albanian
Albanian may refer to:
*Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular:
**Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans
**Albanian language
**Albanian culture
**Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
guerillas. By December, he was able to maintain command of local volunteer detachments and repulsed various Albanian attacks to consolidate Greek rule. The Greek headquarters expected full-scale attack in the area following the failed Greek landing at
Agioi Saranda and ordered him to retreat. He rejected the order and remained in the region organizing the local defense. Spyromilios held out until the regular
Hellenic Army
The Hellenic Army ( el, Ελληνικός Στρατός, Ellinikós Stratós, sometimes abbreviated as ΕΣ), formed in 1828, is the land force of Greece. The term ''Hellenic'' is the endogenous synonym for ''Greek''. The Hellenic Army is the ...
entered Himarra in the early days of 1913. He asked for the permission of Prime Minister
Eleftherios Venizelos
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...
to move north and recapture
Avlona, however, his request was denied to prevent strained relations with the
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia was proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to ...
.
North Epirote Struggle for Autonomy
When the
Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 ( O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies r ...
ended, a series of peace treaties and protocols awarded the area to the newly formed Albanian state and the Greek forces were ordered to evacuate the area. At February 9, 1914 Spyromilios refused to withdraw and declared the region's autonomy and himself as ''Captain'' of
Himarra. This resulted in
General Papoulas, ordering his arrest for disobeying orders. Himarra would become part of the
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus ( el, Αὐτόνομος Δημοκρατία τῆς Βορείου Ἠπείρου, translit=Aftónomos Dimokratía tis Voreíou Ipeírou) was a short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aft ...
, proclaimed on February 28 in
Argyrokastro, and recognized on May 17 by the
Protocol of Corfu
The Protocol of Corfu ( el, Πρωτόκολλο της Κέρκυρας, sq, Protokolli i Korfuzit), signed on May 17, 1914, was an agreement between the representatives of the Albanian Government and the Provisional Government of Northern Epi ...
. Clashes with Albanian guerillas would continue.
![Himarra 1912](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Himarra_1912.jpg)
Spyromilios became member of the Greek Parliament for the Argyrokastron Prefecture at the following elections. At September 1916, when the Italian army entered the region he escaped to
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
. In the next years he was involved in the Northern Epirus issue.
![Spyros Spyromilios in Himara](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Spyros_Spyromilios_in_Himara.jpg)
In 1926 he was given an honorary discharged with the rank of Colonel due to wounds he had received in battle.
Legacy
Spyromilios kept correspondence with Albanian personalities, discussing the region's political future. A distinguished Albanian,
Eqrem bej Vlora, noted that Spyromilios and his family were known for their bravery, persistence, and loyalty towards their friends.
Spyros Spyromilios died on May 19, 1930, in
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
, where he was buried in the
First Cemetery with all honours. In attendance of his funeral was
Eleftherios Venizelos
Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos ( el, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, translit=Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, ; – 18 March 1936) was a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movem ...
, and other politicians and officers. His will expressed his desire to be buried in
Himarra, but the Albanian Government rejected this request.
Spyromilios’ family mansion in Himarra, is one of the town's main attractions, although abandoned today.
References
Sources
Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008.Page 143–144.
*
Further reading
Αλβανοί και Αλβανισταί. lbanians and Albanists Spyros Spyromilios, Athens 1914. (in Greek)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Spyromilios, Spyros
1864 births
1930 deaths
Northern Epirus independence activists
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Hellenic Gendarmerie officers
Greek colonels
Greek people of the Macedonian Struggle
People from Himara
Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars