Spironemidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

heterotroph A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but ...

ic flagellates, in the group

Hemimastigophora Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms with a single family, Spironemidae, first identified in 1988. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes ...

. They vary in size and shape from the

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as the ...

Hemimastix amphikineta Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid '' Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and ...

'' (14 × 7 μm) to the

vermiform Vermiform (ˈvərməˌfôrm) describes something shaped like a worm. The expression is often employed in biology and anatomy to describe usually soft body parts or animals that are more or less tubular or cylindrical. The word root is Latin, ''ve ...

Spironema terricola ''Spironema'' may refer to: Animals: * ''Spironema'' (gastropod), ''Spironema'' Meek, 1864 – a genus of Cretaceous sea snails Plants: *''Spironema'' Raf. 838– sometimes considered a synonym of ''Cassytha'' L. (Lauraceae) *''Spironema'' Lindl. ...

'' (43 × 3 μm), and are united by the possession of two rows of cilia, called kineties.

Phylogenomic Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields ...

analysis shows that Hemimastigophora are a distinct and ancient lineage of

eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...

organisms, forming a possible sister

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

to the supergroup

Diaphoretickes Diaphoretickes () is a major group of eukaryotic organisms, with over 400,000 species. The majority of the earth's biomass that carries out photosynthesis belongs to Diaphoretickes. Diaphoretickes includes: * Archaeplastida (comprising red alg ...

Taxonomy

* Order Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 [Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993; Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988; Hemimastigidea] ** Family

Spironematellidae Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid ''Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and ...

*** Genus ''

Hemimastix Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid ''Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform ''Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and a ...

'' Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 **** Species '' H. amphikineta'' Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 **** Species '' H. kukwesjijk'' Eglit &

Simpson Simpson most often refers to: * Simpson (name), a British surname *''The Simpsons'', an animated American sitcom **The Simpson family, central characters of the series ''The Simpsons'' Simpson may also refer to: Organizations Schools *Simpso ...

, 2018 *** Genus ''

Stereonema Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid ''Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform ''Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and a ...

'' Foissner& Foissner, 1993 non Kützing 1836 **** Species '' S. geiseri'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 *** Genus '' Spironema''

Klebs Klebs is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Arnold Klebs (1870–1943), Swiss microbiologist and physician; son of Edwin Klebs *Edwin Klebs (1834–1913), German-born Swiss pathologist and army medic; father of Arnold Kleb ...

, 1893 non

Vuillemin Vuillemin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alexandre Vuillemin (1812–1880), French cartographer *David Vuillemin (born 1977), French motorcycle racer *Jean Vuillemin, French computer scientist *Jean-Claude Vuillemin (born ...

1905 non Léger &

Hesse Hesse (, , ) or Hessia (, ; german: Hessen ), officially the State of Hessen (german: links=no, Land Hessen), is a States of Germany, state in Germany. Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt. Two other major histor ...

1922 non

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...

1838 non

Hochst. Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter (16 February 1787 – 20 February 1860) was a German botanist and Protestant minister. Biography Hochstetter was born in Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg. He was the father of geologist Ferdinand H ...

1842 non Lindley 1840 non

Meek Meekness is an attribute of human nature and behavior that has been defined as an amalgam of righteousness, inner humility, and patience. Meekness has been contrasted with humility alone insomuch as humility simply refers to an attitude towards o ...

1864; '' Spironematella''

Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...

1970] **** Species '' Spironema multiciliatum, S. multiciliatum''

, 1893 [''Spironematella multiciliata'' (

1893)

1970] **** Species ''Spironema terricola, S. terricola'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [''Spironematella goodeyi'' ( Foissner & Foissner 1993)] **** Species ''Spironema goodeyi, S. goodeyi'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [''Spironematella terricola'' ( Foissner & Foissner 1993)] *** Genus ''Paramastix'' Skuja 1948 **** Species ''Paramastix lata, P. lata'' Skuja 1956 **** Species '' P. minuta'' Skuja 1964 **** Species '' P. conifera'' Skuja 1948 **** Species '' P. truncata'' Skuja 1948

References

Thecofilosea Cercozoa families Hemimastigophora {{Cercozoa-stub