''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous

charophyte Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...

green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...

e of the order

Zygnematales The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...

, named for the

helical Helical may refer to: * Helix, the mathematical concept for the shape * Helical engine, a proposed spacecraft propulsion drive * Helical spring, a coilspring * Helical plc, a British property company, once a maker of steel bar stock * Helicoil A t ...

or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteristic of the genus. ''Spirogyra'' species, of which there are more than 400, are commonly found in freshwater habitats. ''Spirogyra'' measures approximately 10 to 100 μm in width and may grow to several centimetres in length. It is often observed as green slimy patches on the ground near ponds and other water bodies having stagnant water.

General characteristics

''Spirogyra'' is very common in relatively clear

eutrophic Eutrophication is the process by which an entire body of water, or parts of it, becomes progressively enriched with minerals and nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. It has also been defined as "nutrient-induced increase in phytoplan ...

water, developing slimy filamentous green masses. In spring ''Spirogyra'' grows under water, but when there is enough sunlight and warmth they produce large amounts of oxygen, adhering as bubbles between the tangled filaments. The filamentous masses come to the surface and become visible as slimy green mats. ''Spirogyra'' has a cell wall,

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucl ...

pyrenoid Pyrenoids are sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. Annu. Rev. Plant Bio ...

, and spiral chloroplasts.

Reproduction

''Spirogyra'' can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In vegetative reproduction, fragmentation takes place, and ''Spirogyra'' simply undergoes

intercalary Intercalation may refer to: *Intercalation (chemistry), insertion of a molecule (or ion) into layered solids such as graphite * Intercalation (timekeeping), insertion of a leap day, week or month into some calendar years to make the calendar foll ...

cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there ar ...

to extend the length of the new filaments. Sexual reproduction is of two types: # Scalariform conjugation requires association of two or more different filaments lined side by side, either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse to make a passage called the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore. # In lateral conjugation, gametes are formed in a single filament. Two adjoining cells near the common transverse wall give out protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which further form the conjugation canal upon contact. The male cytoplasm migrates through the conjugation canal, fusing with the female. The rest of the process proceeds as in scalariform conjugation. The essential difference is that scalariform conjugation occurs between two filaments and lateral conjugation occurs between two adjacent cells on the same filament.

Species

The following species are currently accepted: * ''

Spirogyra abbreviata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Zheng * ''

Spirogyra acanthophora ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' (Skuja) Czurda * '' Spirogyra acumbentis'' Vodenicarov * ''

Spirogyra adjerensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characterist ...

'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''

Spirogyra adnata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' (Vaucher) Kützing * ''

Spirogyra adornata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Ling * ''

Spirogyra aequinoctialis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' G.S.West * ''

Spirogyra affinis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' (Hassall) Petit * ''

Spirogyra africana ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' (F.E.Fritsch) Czurda * ''

Spirogyra ahmedabadensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Kamat * ''

Spirogyra alpina ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Kützing * ''

Spirogyra alternata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Kützing * ''

Spirogyra amplectens ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' Skuja * ''

Spirogyra ampliata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' L.Liu * ''

Spirogyra anchora ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order (biology), order Zygnematales, named for the helix, helical or spiral arrangement of the chloropla ...

'' Skuja * ''

Spirogyra angolensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Welwitsch * ''

Spirogyra angulata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order (biology), order Zygnematales, named for the helix, helical or spiral arrangement of the chloropla ...

'' Nipkow * '' Spirogyra anomala'' Bhashyakarla Rao * ''

Spirogyra anzygoapora ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Singh * '' Spirogyra aphanosculpta'' Skuja * ''

Spirogyra aplanospora ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra arcta'' (C.Agardh) Endlichter * ''

Spirogyra arcuata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Liu * '' Spirogyra areolata'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra arizonensis'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra arthuri'' Woodhead & Tweed * ''

Spirogyra articulata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Transeau * ''

Spirogyra asiatica ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atasiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atrobrunnea'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''

Spirogyra aubvillei ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra australica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra australiensis'' K.Möbius * '' Spirogyra austriaca'' Czurda * ''

Spirogyra azygospora ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order (biology), order Zygnematales, named for the helix, helical or spiral arrangement of the chloropla ...

'' Singh * ''

Spirogyra baileyi ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra batekiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''

Spirogyra bellis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteri ...

'' (Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * ''

Spirogyra bicalyptrata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra bichromatophora'' (Randhawa) Transeau * ''

Spirogyra biformis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' C.-C.Jao * ''

Spirogyra biharensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * ''

Spirogyra bii ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra bireticulata'' Liu * ''

Spirogyra borealis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order (biology), order Zygnematales, named for the helix, helical or spiral arrangement of the chloropla ...

'' Zheng & Ling * ''

Spirogyra borgeana ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra borgei'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra borkuense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''

Spirogyra borysthenica ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characterist ...

'' Kasanowsky & Smirnoff

mirnov Mirnov may refer to: * Igor Mirnov, Russian ice hockey player * Mirnov oscillations, a type of magnetic field oscillation that is observed in a plasma {{Disambiguation, surname Surnames of Russian origin ...

/small> * ''

Spirogyra bourrellyana ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''

Spirogyra braziliensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' (Nordstedt) Transeau * ''

Spirogyra britannica ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Godward * '' Spirogyra brunnea'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra buchetii'' Petit * ''

Spirogyra bullata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' C.-C.Jao * ''

Spirogyra calcarea ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order (biology), order Zygnematales, named for the helix, helical or spiral arrangement of the chloropla ...

'' Transeau * ''

Spirogyra calchaquiesiae ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' B.Tracanna * '' Spirogyra californica'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * '' Spirogyra calospora'' Cleve * ''

Spirogyra canaliculata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Segar * '' Spirogyra cardinia'' S.H.Lewis * '' Spirogyra caroliniana'' G.E.Dillard * '' Spirogyra castanacea'' G.C.Couch * ''

Spirogyra cataeniformis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra catenaeformis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra cavata'' Vodenicarov * '' Spirogyra chakiaensis'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Kreiger * ''

Spirogyra chandigarhensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' * ''

Spirogyra chekiangensis ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' C.-C.Jao * ''

Spirogyra chenii ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chungkingensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chuniae'' C.-C.Jao * ''

Spirogyra circumlineata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra clavata'' Segar * ''

Spirogyra cleveana ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra colligata'' Hodgetts * '' Spirogyra columbiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra communis'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''

Spirogyra condensata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...

'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra congolensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra conspicua'' Gay * ''

Spirogyra convoluta ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' * '' Spirogyra corrugata'' Woodhead & Tweed * ''

Spirogyra costata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Kadlubowska * ''

Spirogyra costulata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra coumbiana'' Czurda * ''

Spirogyra crassa ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' (Kützing) Kützing * ''

Spirogyra crassispina ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteri ...

'' C.-C.Jao * ''

Spirogyra crassiuscula ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' (Wittrock & Nordstedt) Transeau * '' Spirogyra crassivallicularis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra crassoidea'' (Transeau) Transeau * ''

Spirogyra crenulata ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Singh * ''

Spirogyra croasdaleae ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Blum * '' Spirogyra cyanosporum'' * ''

Spirogyra cylindrica ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' Czurda * ''

Spirogyra cylindrosperma ''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is character ...

'' (West & G.S.West) Krieger * ''Spirogyra cylindrospora'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra czubinskii'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra czurdae'' Misra * ''Spirogyra czurdiana'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra dacimina'' (O.F.Müller) Kützing * ''Spirogyra daedalea'' Lagerheim * ''Spirogyra daedaleoides'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra danica'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra decimina'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier * ''Spirogyra densa'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra denticulata'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra dentireticulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra desikacharyensis'' Rattan * ''Spirogyra dialyderma'' Ling & Zheng * ''Spirogyra dicephala'' C.-C.Jao & H.Z.Zhu * ''Spirogyra dictyospora'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra diluta'' H.C.Wood * ''Spirogyra dimorpha'' Geitler * ''Spirogyra discoidea'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra distenta'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra diversizygotica'' (V.I.Polyanskij) L.A.Rundina * ''Spirogyra djalonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra djiliense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra dodgeana'' * ''Spirogyra drilonensis'' Petkoff * ''Spirogyra dubia'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra echinata'' Tiffany * ''Spirogyra echinospora'' Blum * ''Spirogyra eillipsospora'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra elegans'' Wollny * ''Spirogyra elegantissima'' Y.J.Ling & Y.M.Zheng * ''Spirogyra ellipsospora'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra elliptica'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra elongata'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * ''Spirogyra elongata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * ''Spirogyra emilianensis'' Bonhomme * ''Spirogyra endogranulata'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra exilis'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra fallax'' (Hansgirg) Wille * ''Spirogyra fassula'' Zheng * ''Spirogyra favosa'' Y.-X.Wei & Y.-K.Yung * ''Spirogyra fennica'' Cedercreutz * ''Spirogyra ferruginea'' H.W.Liang * ''Spirogyra flavescens'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra flavicans'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra fluviatilis'' Hilse * ''Spirogyra formosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * ''Spirogyra fossa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra fossulata'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * ''Spirogyra foveolata'' (Transeau) Czurda * ''Spirogyra franconica'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra frankliniana'' Tiffany * ''Spirogyra frigida'' F.Gay * ''Spirogyra fritschiana'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra fukienica'' Wei * ''Spirogyra fuzhouensis'' H.-J.Hu * ''Spirogyra gallica'' Petit * ''Spirogyra gaterslebensis'' Reith * ''Spirogyra gauthier-lievrae'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra gauthieri'' Gayral * ''Spirogyra gharbensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra ghosei'' Singh * ''Spirogyra gibberosa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra glabra'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra globulispora'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra gobonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra goetzei'' Schmidle * ''Spirogyra gracilis'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra granulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra gratiana'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra groenlandica'' Rosenvinge * ''Spirogyra guangchowensis'' Zhu & Zhong * ''Spirogyra guineense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra gujaratensis'' Kamat * ''Spirogyra gurdaspurensis'' Rattan * ''Spirogyra haimenensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra hartigii'' (Kützing) De Toni * ''Spirogyra hassalii'' (Jenner) Petit * ''Spirogyra hassallii'' (Jenner ex Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * ''Spirogyra hatillensis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra heeriana'' Nägeli ex Kützing * ''Spirogyra henanensis'' (L.J.Bi) L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra herbipolensis'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra heterospora'' Liu * ''Spirogyra hoehnei'' O.Borge * ''Spirogyra hoggarica'' (Gauthier-Lièvre) Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra hollandiae'' Taft * ''Spirogyra hopeiensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra hunanensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra hungarica'' Langer * ''Spirogyra hyalina'' Cleve * ''Spirogyra hymerae'' Britton & B.H.Smith * ''Spirogyra inconstans'' Collins * ''Spirogyra incrassata'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra indica'' Krieger * ''Spirogyra inflata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * ''Spirogyra insignis'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra insueta'' Zhu & Zhong * ''Spirogyra intermedia'' Rabenhorst * ''Spirogyra intorta'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra ionia'' Wade * ''Spirogyra irregularis'' Nägeli ex Kützing * ''Spirogyra ivorensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra iyengarii'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra jaoensis'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra jaoi'' S.H.Ley * ''Spirogyra jassiensis'' (Teodoresco) Czurda * ''Spirogyra jatobae'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra jogensis'' Iyengar * ''Spirogyra jugalis'' (Dillwyn) Kützing * ''Spirogyra juliana'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * ''Spirogyra kaffirita'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra kamatii'' Kamat * ''Spirogyra karnalae'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra kolae'' Hajdu * ''Spirogyra koreana'' J.-H.Kim, Y.H.Kim, & I.K.Lee * ''Spirogyra krubergii'' V.J.Poljanski * ''Spirogyra kundaensis'' Singh * ''Spirogyra kuusamoensis'' Hirn * ''Spirogyra labbei'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra labyrinthica'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra lacustris'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra lagerheimii'' Wittrock * ''Spirogyra laka'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra lallandiae'' Taft * ''Spirogyra lambertiana'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra lamellata'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Krieger * ''Spirogyra lamellosa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra lapponica'' Lagerheim * ''Spirogyra latireticulata'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra latviensis'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra laxa'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra laxistrata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra lenticularis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra lentiformis'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra lians'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra libyca'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra lismorensis'' Playfair * ''Spirogyra lodziensis'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra longifissa'' Wei * ''Spirogyra lubrica'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra lucknowensis'' (Prasad & Dutta) Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra lushanensis'' L.C.Li * ''Spirogyra luteospora'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra lutetiana'' Petit * ''Spirogyra lymerae'' Britton & Smith * ''Spirogyra macrospora'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * ''Spirogyra maghrebiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra major'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra majuscula'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra malmeana'' Hirn * ''Spirogyra manormae'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra maravillosa'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra marchica'' H.Krieger * ''Spirogyra margalefii'' Aboal & Llimona * ''Spirogyra margaritata'' Wollny * ''Spirogyra marocana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra maxima'' (Hassall) Wittrock * ''Spirogyra megaspora'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra meinningensis'' * ''Spirogyra meridionalis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * ''Spirogyra miamiana'' Taft * ''Spirogyra microdictyon'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * ''Spirogyra microgranulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra micropunctata'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra microspora'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra mienningensis'' L.-C.Li * ''Spirogyra minor'' (Schmidle) Transeau * ''Spirogyra minuticrassoidea'' Yamagishi * ''Spirogyra minutifossa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra mirabilis'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra miranda'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra mirifica'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra mithalaensis'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * ''Spirogyra moebii'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra monodiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra montserrati'' Margalef * ''Spirogyra multiconjugata'' N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres * ''Spirogyra multiformis'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra multistrata'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra multitrata'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra mutabilis'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * ''Spirogyra narcissiana'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra natchita'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra nawaschinii'' Kasanowsky * ''Spirogyra neglecta'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra neorhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao & Zheng * ''Spirogyra nitida'' (O.F.Müller) Leiblein * ''Spirogyra nodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra notabilis'' Taft * ''Spirogyra nova-angliae'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra novae-angliae'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra nyctigama'' Taft * ''Spirogyra oblata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra oblonga'' Liu * ''Spirogyra obovata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra occidentalis'' (Transeau) Czurda * ''Spirogyra oligocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra olivascens'' Rabenhorst * ''Spirogyra ollicola'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * ''Spirogyra oltmannsii'' Huber-Pestalozzi * ''Spirogyra orientalis'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra orthospira'' Nägeli * ''Spirogyra ouarsenica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra oudhensis'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra ovigera'' Montagne * ''Spirogyra pachyderma'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra palghatensis'' Erady * ''Spirogyra paludosa'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra papulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra paradoxa'' Bhashyakarla Rao * ''Spirogyra paraguayensis'' O.Borge * ''Spirogyra parva'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra parvispora'' H.C.Wood * ''Spirogyra parvula'' (Transeau) Czurda * ''Spirogyra pascheriana'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra patliputri'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * ''Spirogyra peipeingensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra pellucida'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra perforans'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra plena'' (West & G.S.West) Czurda * ''Spirogyra poljanskii'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra polymorpha'' Kirchner * ''Spirogyra polytaeniata'' Strasburger * ''Spirogyra porangabae'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra porticalis'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier- type * ''Spirogyra pratensis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra princeps'' (Vaucher) Link ex Meyen * ''Spirogyra proavita'' Langer * ''Spirogyra prolifica'' Kamat * ''Spirogyra propria'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra protecta'' H.C.Wood * ''Spirogyra pseudoaedaloides'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra pseudobellis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * ''Spirogyra pseudocorrugata'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra pseudocylindrica'' Prescott * ''Spirogyra pseudogibberosa'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra pseudogranulata'' S.-H.Ley * ''Spirogyra pseudojuergensii'' H.Silva * ''Spirogyra pseudomaiuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra pseudomajuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra pseudomaxima'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra pseudoneglecta'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra pseudonodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra pseudoplena'' Liu * ''Spirogyra pseudopulchrata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra pseudoreticulata'' Kreiger * ''Spirogyra pseudorhizopus'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra pseudosahnii'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra pseudospreeiana'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra pseudosubreticulata'' Rickert & Hoshaw * ''Spirogyra pseudotenuissima'' O.Bock & W.Bock * ''Spirogyra pseudotetrapla'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra pseudotexensis'' Bourrelly * ''Spirogyra pseudovarians'' Czurda * ''Spirogyra pseudovenusta'' Liu & Wei * ''Spirogyra pseudowoodii'' V.J.Poljanski * ''Spirogyra pulchella'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * ''Spirogyra pulchra'' Alexenko * ''Spirogyra pulchrifigurata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra puncticulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra punctulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra quadrata'' (Hassall) P.Petit * ''Spirogyra quadrilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra quezelii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra quilonensis'' Kothari * ''Spirogyra quinina'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra quinquilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra randhawae'' Krieger * ''Spirogyra rattanii'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra rectangularis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra rectispira'' Merriman * ''Spirogyra regularis'' (Cedercreutz) Krieger * ''Spirogyra reinhardii'' V.Chmielevsky * ''Spirogyra reticulata'' Nordstedt * ''Spirogyra reticulatum'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra reticuliana'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra rhizobrachialis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra rhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra rhizoides'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra rhizopus'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra rhodopea'' Petkoff * ''Spirogyra rivularis'' (Hassall) Rabenhorst * ''Spirogyra robusta'' (Nygaard) Czurda * ''Spirogyra rugosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * ''Spirogyra rugulosa'' Iwanoff * ''Spirogyra rupestris'' Schmidle * ''Spirogyra sahnii'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra salina'' Aleem * ''Spirogyra sanjingensis'' Y.Wang & Z.Wang * ''Spirogyra sarmae'' M.Singh & M.Srivastava * ''Spirogyra schmidtii'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra schweickerdtii'' Cholonky * ''Spirogyra scripta'' Nygaard * ''Spirogyra scrobiculata'' (Stockmayer) Czurda * ''Spirogyra sculpta'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra semiornata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra senegalensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra setiformis'' (Roth) Martens ex Meneghini * ''Spirogyra shantungensis'' L.-C.Li * ''Spirogyra shanxiensis'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra shenzaensis'' Zheng * ''Spirogyra siamensis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra siberica'' Skvortzov * ''Spirogyra silesiaca'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra sinensis'' L.-C.Li * ''Spirogyra singularis'' Nordstedt * ''Spirogyra skujae'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra skvortzowii'' Willi Kreiger * ''Spirogyra smithii'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra speciosa'' Liu * ''Spirogyra sphaerica'' (Misra) Willi Krieger * ''Spirogyra sphaerocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra sphaerospora'' Hirn * ''Spirogyra spinescens'' Kirjakov * ''Spirogyra splendida'' G.S West * ''Spirogyra spreeiana'' Rabenhorst * ''Spirogyra subaffinis'' F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich * ''Spirogyra subbullata'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra subcolligata'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra subcrassa'' Woronchin * ''Spirogyra subcrassiuscula'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra subcylindrospora'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subechinata'' Godward * ''Spirogyra subfossulata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subglabra'' Zheng & Ling * ''Spirogyra sublambertiana'' Zhao * ''Spirogyra subluteospora'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * ''Spirogyra submajuscula'' Ling & Zheng * ''Spirogyra submargaritata'' Godward * ''Spirogyra submarina'' (Collins) Transeau * ''Spirogyra submaxima'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra subobovata'' Chian * ''Spirogyra subpapulatata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subpellucida'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subpolytaeniata'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subpratensis'' Woronichin * ''Spirogyra subreflexa'' Liang & Wang * ''Spirogyra subreticulata'' F.E.Fritsch * ''Spirogyra subsalina'' Cedercreutz * ''Spirogyra subsalsa'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra subsalso-punctatulata'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra subtropica'' Chian * ''Spirogyra suburbana'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra subvelata'' Kreiger * ''Spirogyra sulcata'' Blum * ''Spirogyra sundanensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra superba'' L.Liu * ''Spirogyra supervarians'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra szechwanensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra taftiana'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra taiyuanensis'' Ling * ''Spirogyra tandae'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra taylorii'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra tenuior'' (Transeau) Krieger * ''Spirogyra tenuispina'' Rundina * ''Spirogyra tenuissima'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra teodoresci'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra ternata'' Ripart * ''Spirogyra tetrapla'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra tibetensis'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra tjibodensis'' Faber * ''Spirogyra tolosana'' Comère * ''Spirogyra torta'' Blum * ''Spirogyra trachycarpa'' Skuja * ''Spirogyra transeauiana'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra triplicata'' (Collins) Transeau * ''Spirogyra trochainii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra tropica'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra tsingtaoensis'' L.-C.Li * ''Spirogyra tuberculata'' Lagerheim * ''Spirogyra tuberculosa'' Liang & Wang * ''Spirogyra tucumaniae'' B.Tracanna * ''Spirogyra tumida'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra turfosa'' F.Gay * ''Spirogyra tuwensis'' R.J.Patel & C.K.Asok Kumar * ''Spirogyra ugandense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra unduliseptum'' Randhawa * ''Spirogyra urbana'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * ''Spirogyra van-zantenii'' Cholonky * ''Spirogyra variabilis'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * ''Spirogyra varians'' (Hassall) Kützing * ''Spirogyra variaspora'' Rickert & Hoshaw * ''Spirogyra variformis'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra varshaii'' Prasad & Dutta * ''Spirogyra vasishtii'' Rattan * ''Spirogyra velata'' Nordstedt * ''Spirogyra venkataramanii'' Rattan * ''Spirogyra venosa'' Kadlubowska * ''Spirogyra venusta'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra vermiculata'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * ''Spirogyra verrucogranulata'' I.C A.Dias & C.E.de M.Bicudo * ''Spirogyra verrucosa'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * ''Spirogyra verruculosa'' C.-C.Jao * ''Spirogyra voltaica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * ''Spirogyra wangii'' L.C.Li * ''Spirogyra weberi'' Kützing * ''Spirogyra weishuiensis'' Ling & Zheng * ''Spirogyra weletischii'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra welwitschii'' West & G.S.West * ''Spirogyra westii'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra willei'' Skuja * ''Spirogyra wittrockii'' Alexenko * ''Spirogyra wollnyi'' De Toni * ''Spirogyra wrightiana'' Transeau * ''Spirogyra wuchanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * ''Spirogyra wuhanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * ''Spirogyra xiaoganensis'' Liu * ''Spirogyra xinxiangensis'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra yexianensis'' L.J.Bi * ''Spirogyra yuin'' S.Skinner & Entwisle * ''Spirogyra yunnanensis'' L.-C.Li C

Trivia

American jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra was named after this species of algae. It is also the subject of the Brazil, Brazilian Samba rock, sambarock song "Spirogyra story" by Jorge Ben.

Gallery

File:20090523_213732_Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' File:3x2 millimeters of Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' File:Spirogyra cell.jpg, Single ''Spirogyra'' cell File:20090328 2222 Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' (Each numbered tick = 122 μm) File:20090328 2225 Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' (Each numbered tick = 20 μm) File:Spirogyra algae under microscope.jpg, Patch of ''Spirogyra'' from algal blooming in Westfalian pond File:Spyrogyra-bgiu.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' algal bloom in Romanian pond

References

''Spirogyra'' at microscopy-uk.org.uk
* John Whitton, B.A. and Brook, A.J. (editors) 2002. ''The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. . {{Taxonbar, from=Q148710 Zygnemataceae