''Spirifer'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, w ...

s belonging to the order

Spiriferida Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. ''Mucrospirifer'') it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like app ...

and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and System (geology), system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era (geology), Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start ...

(

Sandbian The Sandbian is the first stage of the Upper Ordovician. It follows the Darriwilian and is succeeded by the Katian. Its lower boundary is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species '' Nemagraptus gracilis'' around million yea ...

) through to the Middle

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...

(

Carnian The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by t ...

) with a global distribution. They were stationary epifaunal suspension feeders.''Spirifer''
at

Fossilworks Fossilworks is a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database The Paleobiology Database is an online resource for information on the distribution and classification of fossil animals ...

.org

Selected species

* '' Spirifer acutiplicatus'' Hayasaka, 1933 * '' Spirifer bambadhurensis'' Diener, 1903 * ''

Spirifer baschkirica ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer battu'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * '' Spirifer byrangi'' Chernyak, 1963 * '' Spirifer carnicus'' Schellwien, 1892 * ''

Spirifer concentricus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Lee and Su, 1980 * ''

Spirifer distefanii ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * ''

Spirifer dvinaensis ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine (ocean), marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a ...

'' Licharew, 1927 * ''

Spirifer enderlei ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * ''

Spirifer engelgardthi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Chernyak, 1963 * ''

Spirifer fritschi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Schellwien, 1892 * ''

Spirifer holodnensis ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Chernyak, 1963 * ''

Spirifer lirellus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Cvancara, 1958 * ''

Spirifer malistanensis ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Plodowski, 1968 * ''

Spirifer muensteri ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Suess, 1854 * ''

Spirifer opimus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distribu ...

'' Hall, 1858 * '' Spirifer pentagonoides'' Plodowski, 1968 * '' Spirifer pentlandi'' d'Orbigny, 1842 * '' Spirifer perlamellosus'' Hall, 1857 * '' Spirifer piassinaensis'' Chernyak, 1963 * '' Spirifer postventricosus'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer pseudotasmaniensis'' Einor, 1939 * '' Spirifer rakuszi'' Einor, 1946 * '' Spirifer rockymontanus'' Marcou, 1858 * '' Spirifer schellwieni'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer siculus'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * '' Spirifer spitiensis'' Stoliczka, 1865 * '' Spirifer strangwaysi'' De Verneuil, 1845 * '' Spirifer striatus'' Martin, 1809 * '' Spirifer subgrandiformis'' Plodowski, 1968 * '' Spirifer subtrigonalis'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * '' Spirifer supracarbonicus'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer supramosquensis'' Nikitin, 1890 * '' Spirifer tareiaensis'' Einor, 1939 * '' Spirifer tegulatus'' Trautschold, 1876 * '' Spirifer undata'' Reed, 1944 * '' Spirifer uralicus'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer zitteli'' Schellwien, 1892

Reassigned species

As ''Spirifer'' has been described early on, since then, many species have been reassigned. * ''S. archiaciformis'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. bisulcatus'' = '' Angiospirifer bisulcatus'' * ''S. chinensis'' mut. ''α'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. gortanioides'' = '' Plicapustula gortanioides'' * ''S. hayasakai'' = '' Lamarckispirifer hayasakai'' * ''S. heterosinosus '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. martellii'' = '' Plicapustula martellii'' * ''S. pekinensis'' = '' Plicapustula pekinensis'' * ''S. pellizzarii'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. pellizzariformis '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. pinguis'' = '' Latibrachythyris pinguis'' * ''S. rotundatus'' = '' Latibrachythyris rotundatus '' * ''S. subhayasakai '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. verneuili'' = ''

Cyrtospirifer verneuili ''Cyrtospirifer verneuili'', also called ''Spirifer verneuili'', is an extinct species of brachiopods. The fossils are present in the Upper Devonian. In Cornwall they have the vernacular name Delabole butterfly, from the appearance of flattene ...

'' * ''S. verneuili'' var. ''subarchiaci'' = '' Plicapustula subarchiaci'' * ''S. verneuili'' var. ''subextensus'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. vilis'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. wangleighi '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. yassensis'' = '' Spinella yassensis''

References

External links

Zipcodezoo
* Sepkoski, Jac
Sepkoski's Online Genus Database
Spiriferida Prehistoric brachiopod genera Paleozoic animals of Africa Paleozoic animals of Asia Paleozoic animals of Europe Paleozoic animals of North America Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state) Paleozoic brachiopods of South America Carboniferous Bolivia Devonian Brazil Carboniferous Brazil Devonian Colombia Fossils of Colombia Floresta Formation Devonian Peru Ordovician first appearances Carnian extinctions Jeffersonville Limestone Paleozoic life of Ontario Paleozoic life of Alberta Paleozoic life of British Columbia Paleozoic life of New Brunswick Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories Paleozoic life of Nunavut Paleozoic life of Quebec Paleozoic life of Yukon Fossil taxa described in 1818 {{brachiopod-stub