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A Spectral risk measure is a
risk measure In financial mathematics, a risk measure is used to determine the amount of an asset or set of assets (traditionally currency) to be kept in reserve. The purpose of this reserve is to make the risks taken by financial institutions, such as banks ...
given as a
weighted average The weighted arithmetic mean is similar to an ordinary arithmetic mean (the most common type of average), except that instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. The ...
of outcomes where bad outcomes are, typically, included with larger weights. A spectral risk measure is a function of
portfolio Portfolio may refer to: Objects * Portfolio (briefcase), a type of briefcase Collections * Portfolio (finance), a collection of assets held by an institution or a private individual * Artist's portfolio, a sample of an artist's work or a ...
returns and outputs the amount of the numeraire (typically a
currency A currency, "in circulation", from la, currens, -entis, literally meaning "running" or "traversing" is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins. A more general def ...
) to be kept in reserve. A spectral risk measure is always a
coherent risk measure In the fields of actuarial science and financial economics there are a number of ways that risk can be defined; to clarify the concept theoreticians have described a number of properties that a risk measure might or might not have. A coherent risk ...
, but the converse does not always hold. An advantage of spectral measures is the way in which they can be related to
risk aversion In economics and finance, risk aversion is the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in monetary value than the more ce ...
, and particularly to a
utility function As a topic of economics, utility is used to model worth or value. Its usage has evolved significantly over time. The term was introduced initially as a measure of pleasure or happiness as part of the theory of utilitarianism by moral philosopher ...
, through the weights given to the possible portfolio returns.


Definition

Consider a
portfolio Portfolio may refer to: Objects * Portfolio (briefcase), a type of briefcase Collections * Portfolio (finance), a collection of assets held by an institution or a private individual * Artist's portfolio, a sample of an artist's work or a ...
X (denoting the portfolio payoff). Then a spectral risk measure M_: \mathcal \to \mathbb where \phi is non-negative, non-increasing,
right-continuous In mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a continuous variation (that is a change without jump) of the argument induces a continuous variation of the value of the function. This means that there are no abrupt changes in value ...
, integrable function defined on ,1/math> such that \int_0^1 \phi(p)dp = 1 is defined by :M_(X) = -\int_0^1 \phi(p) F_X^(p) dp where F_X is the
cumulative distribution function In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution function of X, evaluated at x, is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x. Ev ...
for ''X''. If there are S equiprobable outcomes with the corresponding payoffs given by the
order statistics In statistics, the ''k''th order statistic of a statistical sample is equal to its ''k''th-smallest value. Together with rank statistics, order statistics are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference. Importa ...
X_, ... X_. Let \phi\in\mathbb^S. The measure M_:\mathbb^S\rightarrow \mathbb defined by M_(X)=-\delta\sum_^S\phi_sX_ is a spectral measure of risk if \phi\in\mathbb^S satisfies the conditions # Nonnegativity: \phi_s\geq0 for all s=1, \dots, S, # Normalization: \sum_^S\phi_s=1, # Monotonicity : \phi_s is non-increasing, that is \phi_\geq\phi_ if < and , \in\.


Properties

Spectral risk measures are also
coherent Coherence, coherency, or coherent may refer to the following: Physics * Coherence (physics), an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference * Coherence (units of measurement), a deri ...
. Every spectral risk measure \rho: \mathcal \to \mathbb satisfies: # Positive Homogeneity: for every portfolio ''X'' and positive value \lambda > 0, \rho(\lambda X) = \lambda \rho(X); # Translation-Invariance: for every portfolio ''X'' and \alpha \in \mathbb, \rho(X + a) = \rho(X) - a; # Monotonicity: for all portfolios ''X'' and ''Y'' such that X \geq Y, \rho(X) \leq \rho(Y); # Sub-additivity: for all portfolios ''X'' and ''Y'', \rho(X+Y) \leq \rho(X) + \rho(Y); # Law-Invariance: for all portfolios ''X'' and ''Y'' with
cumulative distribution function In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution function of X, evaluated at x, is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x. Ev ...
s F_X and F_Y respectively, if F_X = F_Y then \rho(X) = \rho(Y); # Comonotonic Additivity: for every comonotonic random variables ''X'' and ''Y'', \rho(X+Y) = \rho(X) + \rho(Y). Note that ''X'' and ''Y'' are comonotonic if for every \omega_1,\omega_2 \in \Omega: \; (X(\omega_2) - X(\omega_1))(Y(\omega_2) - Y(\omega_1)) \geq 0. In some texts the input ''X'' is interpreted as losses rather than payoff of a portfolio. In this case, the translation-invariance property would be given by \rho(X+a) = \rho(X) + a, and the monotonicity property by X \geq Y \implies \rho(X) \geq \rho(Y) instead of the above.


Examples

* The
expected shortfall Expected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure—a concept used in the field of financial risk measurement to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the wor ...
is a spectral measure of risk. * The
expected value In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, mathematical expectation, mean, average, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the arithmetic mean of a l ...
is ''trivially'' a spectral measure of risk.


See also

*
Distortion risk measure In financial mathematics and economics, a distortion risk measure is a type of risk measure which is related to the cumulative distribution function of the return of a financial portfolio. Mathematical definition The function \rho_g: L^p \to \m ...


References

{{Reflist Financial risk modeling