This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Spain. It is limited to
liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
and
radical
Radical may refer to:
Politics and ideology Politics
*Radical politics, the political intent of fundamental societal change
*Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and ...
parties
A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration or celebration of a special occasion. A party will often feature fo ...
with substantial support, mainly proved by having been represented in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary that parties label themselves as a liberal or radical party.
Background
In the nineteenth century, liberalism was a major political force in
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
, but as in many other continental European countries care must be taken over the use of labels as this term was used with different meanings (this is discussed in the article on
Radicalism (historical)
Radicalism (from French , "radical") or classical radicalism was a historical political movement representing the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and a precursor to social liberalism, social democr ...
.
As in much of Europe, the nineteenth-century history of Spain would largely revolve around the conflicts ''between'' the three major liberal currents - radicalism; progressive classical liberalism, or conservative classical liberalism. While all three rejected the Catholic, traditionalist, and absolutist
Old Regime
Old or OLD may refer to:
Places
*Old, Baranya, Hungary
*Old, Northamptonshire, England
*Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD)
*OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...
, each had a different perspective on the urgency and degree to which state and society needed reforming to modernize the values and institutions.
* The term 'liberal' itself was usually used to signify classical liberalism. It had a progressive-liberal wing as represented by the
Fusionist Liberal Party (more inclined towards gradual reform, and making compromises with the radical current); and a conservative-liberal wing as represented by the
Liberal Conservative
Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters, representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by li ...
Party (more inclined towards traditionalism, and compromising with
the absolute-monarchist faction). Its various currents were broadly united by a set of shared beliefs:
*# In political affairs, parliamentarianism, though of a socially-conservative kind (e.g.,
suffrage limited to property-owners);
*# In economic affairs, free-market capitalism;
*# In social affairs, conservatism (e.g.: rejecting full
universal suffrage
Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stanc ...
; or a strictly
laic separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular sta ...
)
*# In constitutional affairs, flexible towards the type of constitutional regime (monarchy or republic).
* For the
left-liberal and social-liberal currents, 'liberal' was rarely used as the single defining label. Instead such currents rather used labels such as ''radical'', ''democratic'' or ''republican'' (see
republicanism
Republicanism is a political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. Historically, it emphasises the idea of self-rule and ranges from the rule of a representative minority or oligarchy to popular sovereignty. It ...
). The shared beliefs that generally unified its various factions included:
*#
Universal manhood suffrage
Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slog ...
;
*# Sovereignty to be
vested in the people of the nation rather than
in the royal parliament;
*# A root-and-branch reform to remove the political influence of monarchical, religious and aristocratic patronage;
*# A certain degree of
social democracy
Social democracy is a Political philosophy, political, Social philosophy, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocati ...
, as the nineteenth century progressed;
*# An active role for an administratively-centralized state in carrying out these tasks.
History
Each of the following sections describes an element of Spanish liberalism and radicalism, mostly beginning with the 19th century.
From Liberals to Liberal Fusionist Party
![Mausoleo conjunto PHI (Madrid) 02](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Mausoleo_conjunto_PHI_%28Madrid%29_02.jpg)
*1808-12: Until 1839 the Spanish liberals were not organized in a well-established party, but formed their own factions. During the
War of Independence
This is a list of wars of independence (also called liberation wars). These wars may or may not have been successful in achieving a goal of independence.
List
See also
* Lists of active separatist movements
* List of civil wars
* List of o ...
and the
Constitution of Cádiz
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy ( es, link=no, Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz ( es, link=no, Constitución de Cádiz) and as ''La Pepa'', was the first Constituti ...
the term ''Liberals (Liberales, 1812-1820)'' was used to describe the diverse range of currents influenced by the
Enlightenment and
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...
and united in rejecting the absolutism of the Bourbon monarchy.
*1820-39: Between 1820 and 1839 the Liberals split into two factions. The 'Radicals' (''Exaltados''), known as ''Veinteanistas'' (Supporters of 1820) were inspired by French Jacobinism and Radicalism and wished to draft a new more progressive constitution based on universal suffrage; the 'Moderates' (''Moderados''), closer to classical liberalism, were known as ''Doceanistas'' (Supporters of 1812) as they wished simply to restore the more limited constitution of 1812.
*1839-1879: Finally in 1839 most of the Radicals and Moderates organized themselves into a loose parliamentary group known as the Progressives (''Progresistas'', 1839-1880), led by people like
Baldomero Espartero
Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Álvarez de Toro (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He served as the Regent of the Realm, three times as Prime Minister and briefly as President of the Congress of Deputies. ...
,
Salustiano Olózoga,
Juan Prim
Juan Prim y Prats, 1st Count of Reus, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos, 1st Viscount of Bruch (; ca, Joan Prim i Prats ; 6 December 1814 – 30 December 1870) was a Spanish general and statesman who was briefly Prime Minister of Spain until ...
,
Práxedes Sagasta and
Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Duke de la Torre
Francisco Serrano Domínguez Cuenca y Pérez de Vargas, 1st Duke of la Torre, Grandee of Spain, Count of San Antonio (17 December 1810 – 25 November 1885) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He was Prime Minister of Spain in 1868–69 ...
. Out of this current various factions splintered off to form successor parties: the
**in 1843, the ⇒Democratic Party
**in 1854 the ⇒Liberal Union;
**in 1869 the Democratic Radical Party;
**in 1879 the ⇒
Democratic Progressive Party
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majori ...
.
*1880: The majority of Liberal currents united in the
Fusionist (i.e. merged) Liberal Party (''Partido Liberal Fusionista''), led by Sagasta, though some more Radical factions remain outside the party
*1882: A left-wing faction of the party established the ⇒
Dynastic Left
The Dynastic Left ( es, Izquierda Dinástica, ID) was a Spanish political party founded in 1881 by elements from the Liberal Fusionist Party and the Democratic Progressive Party.
Between 1884 and 1886 most of its members returned to the Libera ...
, most of its members returned between 1884 and 1886 to the Liberal Fusionist Party
*1890: The ⇒
Possibilist Democratic Party
The Democratic Party ( es, Partido Demócrata, PD) was a Spanish political party created in 1879 by former Emilio Castelar as a split from the Federal Democratic Republican Party to contest the Spanish general election held in the same year. In ...
joined the party
*1907: A left-wing faction of the party seceded as the ⇒ Monarchist Democratic Party
*1918: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Left
*1923: The party disappeared due to the
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquess of Estella (8 January 1870 – 16 March 1930), was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era. He deepl ...
coup
Democratic Party
*1843: The left-wing of the ⇒ Progressives established the
Democratic Party Democratic Party most often refers to:
*Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party and similar terms may also refer to:
Active parties Africa
*Botswana Democratic Party
*Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
*Gabonese Democratic Party
*Demo ...
(''Partido Demócrata'') as a rally of left-wing liberals and moderate socialists
*1868: The republican wing formed the ⇒ Federal Republican Party
*1871: The party disappeared and remnants of the party continue as a monarchist party
Liberal Union
*1854: Moderate ⇒ progressives established the
Liberal Union (''Unión Liberal''), led by
Leopoldo O'Donnell
Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jorris, 1st Duke of Tetuán, Grandee, GE (12 January 1809 – 5 November 1867), was a Spanish general and Grandee who was Prime Minister of Spain on several occasions.
Early life
He was born at Santa Cruz de Tenerife in t ...
*1868: The party merged with the conservative Moderates into the Liberal Conservative Party
Federal Republican Party
*1868: The republican wing of the ⇒ Democratic Party established the
Federal Democratic Republican Party
The Federal Democratic Republican Party ( es, Partido Republicano Democrático Federal, PRDF) was a Spanish political party founded in 1868 during the Glorious Revolution that was active until 1912. Its ideology was federal republicanism and pro ...
(''Partido Republicano Democrático Federal''), also known as the Republican-Democratic Party
*1878: A faction joined the ⇒ Reformist Republican Party
*1879: A faction seceded as the ⇒
Possibilist Democratic Party
The Democratic Party ( es, Partido Demócrata, PD) was a Spanish political party created in 1879 by former Emilio Castelar as a split from the Federal Democratic Republican Party to contest the Spanish general election held in the same year. In ...
*1891: The party absorbs a faction of the ⇒ Democratic Radical Party
*1923: The party disappeared due to the Primo de Rivera coup
From Democratic Radical Party to Centralist Party
*1869: A left-wing faction of the Progressives seceded as the
Democratic Radical Party (''Partido Radical Demócrata''), led by
Ruiz Zorilla
Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (22 March 183313 June 1895) was a Politics of Spain, Spanish politician. He served as Prime Minister of Spain for a little over ten weeks, in the summer of 1871, and again for eight months, between June 1872 and February 1873 ...
*1876: The party is reorganised into the
Reformist Republican Party
The Radical Democratic Party ( es, Partido Demócrata Radical, PDR), later known as the Republican Reformist Party ( es, Partido Reformista Republicano, PRR), was one of the Spanish political parties that contended for power during the reign of Am ...
, led by
Nicolás Salmerón
Nicolas or Nicolás may refer to:
People Given name
* Nicolas (given name)
Mononym
* Nicolas (footballer, born 1999), Brazilian footballer
* Nicolas (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian footballer
Surname Nicolas
* Dafydd Nicolas (c.1705–1774), ...
*1878: A faction of the ⇒ Federal Republican Party joined the party
*1879: A faction joined the ⇒
Democratic Progressive Party
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majori ...
*1890: The party is renamed
Centralist Party
Centralisation or centralization (see American and British English spelling differences#iseize, spelling differences) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, framing ...
(''Partido Centralista'')
*1891: The party is absorbed by the ⇒ Federal Republican Party
Possibilist Democratic Party
*1879: A faction of the ⇒ Federal Republican Party formed the
Possibilist Democratic Party
The Democratic Party ( es, Partido Demócrata, PD) was a Spanish political party created in 1879 by former Emilio Castelar as a split from the Federal Democratic Republican Party to contest the Spanish general election held in the same year. In ...
('Partido Posibilista'), led by
Emilio Castelar
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 183225 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic.
Castelar was born in Cádiz. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 i ...
*1890: The party joins the ⇒
Liberal Fusionist Party
Democratic Progressive Party
*1879: A left wing faction of the ⇒ Progressives with dissidents of the Reformist Republican Party formed the
Democratic Progressive Party
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majori ...
(''Partido Progresista Democrático'')
*1882: The party merges into the ⇒
Dynastic Left
The Dynastic Left ( es, Izquierda Dinástica, ID) was a Spanish political party founded in 1881 by elements from the Liberal Fusionist Party and the Democratic Progressive Party.
Between 1884 and 1886 most of its members returned to the Libera ...
Dynastic Left
*1882: A faction of the ⇒
Liberal Fusionist Party together with the
Democratic Progressive Party
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majori ...
established the
Dynastic Left
The Dynastic Left ( es, Izquierda Dinástica, ID) was a Spanish political party founded in 1881 by elements from the Liberal Fusionist Party and the Democratic Progressive Party.
Between 1884 and 1886 most of its members returned to the Libera ...
(''Izquierda Dinástica''), led by
Francisco Serrano and
Adolfo Posada Adolfo may refer to:
* Adolfo, São Paulo, a Brazilian municipality
* Adolfo (designer), Cuban-born American fashion designer
* Adolfo or Adolf
Adolf (also spelt Adolph or Adolphe, Adolfo and when Latinised Adolphus) is a given name used in Ge ...
*1886: Between 1884 and 1886 most of the members returned to the ⇒ Liberal Fusionist Party
Liberal Democratic Party
*1913: A faction of the ⇒ Fusionist Liberal Party seceded and formed the
Liberal Democratic Party, led by
Manuel García Prieto
Manuel may refer to:
People
* Manuel (name)
* Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers''
* Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies
* Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
* Manu ...
*1923: The party disappeared
Republican Union (1906)
*1906: A faction of the ⇒ Federal Republican Union seceded as the
Republican Union (''Unión Republicana''), led by
Nicolás Salmerón
Nicolas or Nicolás may refer to:
People Given name
* Nicolas (given name)
Mononym
* Nicolas (footballer, born 1999), Brazilian footballer
* Nicolas (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian footballer
Surname Nicolas
* Dafydd Nicolas (c.1705–1774), ...
*1908: A faction seceded as the ⇒ Radical Republican Party
*1923: The party disappeared due to the Primo de Rivera coup
Monarchist Democratic Party
*1907: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Liberal Fusionist Party seceded as the
Monarchist Democratic Party
The Monarchist Democratic Party ( es, Partido Democrático Monárquico, PDM) was a Spanish political party led by José Canalejas y Méndez, José Canalejas which split from the Liberal Party (Spain, 1880), Liberal Party in 1902. In 1910, Canaleja ...
(''Partido Democrático Monnárquico'') of
José Canalejas
*1923: The party disappeared due to the Primo de Rivera coup
Radical Republican Party
*1908: A faction of the ⇒ Republican Union established the
Radical Republican Party
The Radical Republican Party ( es, Partido Republicano Radical), sometimes shortened to the Radical Party, was a Spanish Radical party in existence between 1908 and 1936. Beginning as a splinter from earlier Radical parties, it initially played a ...
(''Partido Republicano Radical''), led by
Alejandro Lerroux
Alejandro Lerroux García (4 March 1864, in La Rambla, Córdoba – 25 June 1949, in Madrid) was a Spanish politician who was the leader of the Radical Republican Party. He served as Prime Minister three times from 1933 to 1935 and held severa ...
*1929: A left-wing faction established the ⇒ Radical Socialist Republican Party
*1933: Due to the development into a conservative party, the liberal wing seceded as the ⇒ Radical Democratic Party. The original party disappeared in 1939
Liberal Left
*1918: A faction of the ⇒ Fusionist Liberal Party seceded to form the
Liberal Left
The Liberal Left (''Sinistra Liberale'', SL) was a minor liberal faction within the Democrats of the Left, an Italian political party.
It was formed basically by former left-wingers of the Italian Liberal Party. Its leaders include Gianfranco P ...
(''Izquierda Liberal'')
*1923: The party disappeared due to the Primo de Rivera coup
From Republican Action to Republican Left
*1926:
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz (; 10 January 1880 – 3 November 1940) was a Spanish politician who served as Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last President of the Repu ...
established the
Republican Action (''Acción Republicana''), as a cross-party thinktank which initially worked closely alongside the Radical Republican party.
*1931: Republican Action was converted into a political party.
*1934: The party merged with a politically-similar Galician regional party and the left-wing faction of the ⇒ Radical Socialist Republican Party into the
Republican Left (''Izquierda Republicana'')
*1939: The party is banned, though there were later attempts to revive the party after 1976
Radical Socialist Republican Party
*1929: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Radical Republican Party established the
Radical Socialist Republican Party
Radical Socialist Republican Party (PRRS; es, Partido Republicano Radical Socialista), sometimes shortened to Radical Socialist Party (PRS; ''Partido Radical Socialista''), was a Spanish radical political party, created in 1929 after the split of ...
(''Partido Republicano Radical Socialista'')
*1934: The party is dissolved, members joined the ⇒ Republican Left or the ⇒
Republican Union
From Democratic Radical Party to Republican Union
*1933: Due to the development of the ⇒ Radical Republican Party, the liberal wing seceded as the
Democratic Radical Party (''Partido Radical Demócrata'')
*1934: The party merged with a faction of the ⇒ Radical Socialist Republican Party into the
Republican Union (''Unión Republicana'')
*1939: The party is banned
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
*1974: Democrats in
Catalonia
Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy.
Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
established the
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
The Democratic Convergence of Catalonia ( ca, Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya; , CDC), frequently shortened as Convergence ( ca, Convergència; ) was a Catalan nationalist, liberal political party in Catalonia (Spain), currently still exist ...
, a democratic nationalist party with liberal values, led by
Jordi Pujol
Jordi Pujol Soley (, born 9 June 1930) is a Catalan politician who was the leader of the party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) from 1974 to 2003, and President of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.
Early life
Pujol was ...
.
Democratic and Social Centre
*1982: Former prime minister
Adolfo Suárez
Adolfo Suárez González, 1st Duke of Suárez (; 25 September 1932 – 23 March 2014) was a Spanish lawyer and politician. Suárez was Spain's first democratically elected prime minister since the Second Spanish Republic and a key figure in th ...
left the
Union of the Democratic Centre and established the liberal
Democratic and Social Centre (''Centro Democrático y Social''). The party lost parliamentary representation in 1993, but continued to exist until 2006.
Citizens
*2005: The leader of
Citizens
Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection".
Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...
(''Ciudadanos'') was founded.
Union, Progress and Democracy
*2007: The leader of
Union, Progress and Democracy
Union, Progress and Democracy ( es, link=no, Unión, Progreso y Democracia , UPyD ) was a Spanish political party founded in September 2007 and dissolved in December 2020. It was a social-liberal party that rejected any form of nationalism, espec ...
(''Unión, Progreso y Democracia'') became the former member of the
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( es, Partido Socialista Obrero Español ; PSOE ) is a social-democraticThe PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources:
*
*
*
* political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in gov ...
Rosa Díez
Rosa María Díez González (born 27 May 1952) is a Spanish politician from Union, Progress and Democracy, UPyD deputy in the Congress of Deputies from 2008 to 2016.
Career
She was a former Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish S ...
. She created it with the philosophers
Fernando Savater
Fernando Fernández-Savater Martín (born 21 June 1947 at Basque city of San Sebastián) is a Spanish philosopher, essayist and author.
Early years and career
Born in San Sebastián, he was an Ethics professor at the University of the Basque ...
and
Carlos Martínez Gorriarán
Carlos Martínez Gorriarán is a Spanish scholar, born in San Sebastián, Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, Spain. After being a member of marxist and basque nationalist movements, he became one of the founding members and s ...
.
Liberal leaders
*Liberals before 1912:
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 183225 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic.
Castelar was born in Cádiz. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 i ...
–
José Canalejas y Mendez
José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).
In French, the name ''José'', pronounced ...
*Izquierda Republicana:
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz (; 10 January 1880 – 3 November 1940) was a Spanish politician who served as Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last President of the Repu ...
*Centro Democratico y Social:
Adolfo Suárez
Adolfo Suárez González, 1st Duke of Suárez (; 25 September 1932 – 23 March 2014) was a Spanish lawyer and politician. Suárez was Spain's first democratically elected prime minister since the Second Spanish Republic and a key figure in th ...
Liberal thinkers
In the
Contributions to liberal theory
Contribution or Contribute may refer to:
* ''Contribution'' (album), by Mica Paris (1990)
** "Contribution" (song), title song from the album
*Contribution (law), an agreement between defendants in a suit to apportion liability
*Contributions, a ...
the following Spanish thinkers are included:
*
José Ortega y Gasset
José Ortega y Gasset (; 9 May 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher and essayist. He worked during the first half of the 20th century, while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism, and dictatorship. His philosoph ...
(Spain, 1883-1955)
*
Salvador de Madariaga
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (23 July 1886 – 14 December 1978) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian, and pacifist. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded the Charlemagne Prize in 197 ...
(Spain, 1886-1978)
See also
*
Liberalism by country
This article gives information on liberalism worldwide. It is an overview of parties that adhere to some form of liberalism and is therefore a list of liberal parties around the world.
Introduction
The definition of liberal party is highly deba ...
*
Libertarian Party of Spain
*
List of political parties in Spain
This article serves as a list of the political parties in Spain.
Spain has a multi-party system at both the national and regional level. Nationally, there are five dominant parties: Unidas Podemos, United We Can (Podemos (Spanish political party ...
*
Spanish nationalism
The creation of the tradition of the political community of Spaniards as common destiny over other communities has been argued to trace back to the Cortes of Cádiz. Revisiting the history of Spain, after 1812 Spanish liberalism tended to take fo ...
*
History of Spain
The history of Spain dates to contact the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula made with the Greeks and Phoenicians and the first writing systems known as Paleohispanic scripts were developed. During Classical A ...
*
Politics of Spain
The politics of Spain takes place under the framework established by the Constitution of 1978. Spain is established as a social and democratic sovereign countryFirst article. wherein the national sovereignty is vested in the people, from wh ...
*
Trienio Liberal
*
Spanish Constitution of 1812
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy ( es, link=no, Constitución Política de la Monarquía Española), also known as the Constitution of Cádiz ( es, link=no, Constitución de Cádiz) and as ''La Pepa'', was the first Constituti ...
References
External links
{{Liberalism in Europe
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
Politics of Spain