The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( rus, Совет министров СССР, r=Sovet Ministrov SSSR, p=sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ɛsɛsɛˈsɛr; sometimes abbreviated to ''Sovmin'' or referred to as the '' ...
(until 1946 – to the
Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was the highest collegial body of executive and administrative authority of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1946.
As the government of the Soviet Union, the Council of People's Commissars of th ...
).
In 1991, by the decree of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...
was established on the basis of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
History
Creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was formed by a resolution of the
Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 27, 1925 on the basis of the Russian Academy of Sciences (before the
February Revolution
The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
– the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In the first years of Soviet Russia, the Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived rather ambiguously as a closed and elite scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, which had already been renamed from "Imperial" to "Russian", cooperation began with the new government. The financing of the Academy was entrusted to the
People's Commissariat for Education The People's Commissariat for Education (or Narkompros; russian: Народный комиссариат просвещения, Наркомпрос, directly translated as the "People's Commissariat for Enlightenment") was the Soviet agency charge ...
and the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists. In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. A new charter was adopted for this date.
The first president of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the well-known scientist, geologist
Alexander Karpinsky
Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (russian: Александр Петрович Карпинский, trl. Aljeksandr Pjetrovič Karpinskij; 7 January 1847 ( NS) – 15 July 1936) was a prominent Russian and Soviet geologist and mineralogist, and ...
, who previously held the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Attempts to establish state and party control over the previously independent Academy began in the mid-1920s: in 1925 the Academy was subordinated to the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, in 1928, under pressure from the authorities, a number of new
Communist
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
members were elected to it.
In January 1929, the academicians defiantly failed the three Communist candidates,
Vladimir Fritsche
Vladimir Maksimovich Fritsche (Russian: Владимир Максимович Фриче; 27 October Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._15_October.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/> O.S._15_October">Old_Style_a ...
,
Nikolai Lukin
Nikolai Mikhailovich Lukin (Russian: Николай Михайлович Лукин; July 20, 1885 – July 19, 1940) was a USSR, Soviet Marxist History, historian and Opinion journalism, publicist. He was a leader among Soviet historians in t ...
and
Abram Deborin Abram Moiseyevich Deborin (Ioffe) (russian: Абра́м Моисе́евич Дебо́рин Ио́ффе; , Upyna, Kovno Governorate – 8 March 1963) was a Soviet Marxist philosopher and academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Uni ...
, who were running for the Academy of Sciences, but already in February, under conditions of extreme pressure, they were forced to reconsider their decision.
In 1929, a government commission headed by
Yuri Petrovich Figatner
Yuri Petrovich Figatner (Russian: Юрий Петрович Фигатнер; 1889 – 20 September 1937) was a Soviet party functionary who investigated the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1929.
Figatner was born in Odessa to a family of artisans. ...
was sent to Leningrad to "cleanse" the Academy. In June–December 1929, by its decision, 128 full-time employees (out of 960) and 520 supernumerals (out of 830) were dismissed from the Academy of Sciences.
Sergey Oldenburg
Sergey Fyodorovich Oldenburg (russian: Серге́й Фёдорович Ольденбу́рг; 26 September 1863, in Byankino, Transbaikal Oblast – 28 February 1934, in Leningrad) was a Russian orientalist who specialized in Buddhist stud ...
was removed from the post of the permanent secretary of the Academy at the end of October 1929, defending her independence. After that, the party-state bodies established full control over the Academy. A new Presidium of the Academy of Sciences was elected. Even before this, on February 25, 1929, the
Politburo
A politburo () or political bureau is the executive committee for communist parties. It is present in most former and existing communist states.
Names
The term "politburo" in English comes from the Russian ''Politbyuro'' (), itself a contraction ...
issued a special decision: to leave Alexander Karpinsky as president,
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
Gleb Maximilianovich Krzhizhanovsky (russian: Глеб Максимилианович Кржижановский; 24 January 1872 – 31 March 1959) was a Soviet scientist, statesman, revolutionary, Old Bolshevik, and state figure as well as a ge ...
,
Nikolai Marr
Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr (, ''Nikolay Yakovlevich Marr''; , ''Nikoloz Iak'obis dze Mari''; — 20 December 1934) was a Georgian-born historian and linguist who gained a reputation as a scholar of the Caucasus during the 1910s before embarking o ...
, and Vladimir Komarov as vice-presidents, and
Vyacheslav Volgin
Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (russian: Вячесла́в Петро́вич Во́лгин; 14 June 1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms or precursors of communism, and who became vice- ...
as the permanent secretary. Thus, for the first time in the practice of the Academy of Sciences, its leading core was directively appointed at a meeting of the highest party body with subsequent automatic approval at the General Assembly, and this also became a precedent for subsequent practice.
During the period from December 1929 to December 1930, over 100 people were arrested under the "Academic Case" (mainly experts in the humanities, primarily historians).
In February – April 1930, a new charter of the Academy of Sciences was developed and approved. The development of the project was entrusted to an academic commission approved by the plenary session of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, headed by
Vyacheslav Volgin
Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (russian: Вячесла́в Петро́вич Во́лгин; 14 June 1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms or precursors of communism, and who became vice- ...
. The first meeting of the commission to draw up a charter and reorganize the Academy of Sciences was held on February 28, 1930. The draft of the new charter was discussed and approved by the session of the Academy of Sciences on March 31 – April 5, 1930, and it approved the first work plan of the Academy of Sciences for 1931–1932. On April 4, 1930, the charter was adopted at the General Assembly.
In 1930, in connection with the reorganization of the Soviet government, the Academy of Sciences was transferred to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union.
By the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of December 14, 1933 "On the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union" (before that, it was subordinated to the Committee for the management of scientists and educational institutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union).
Relocation of the organization to Moscow and further development
![Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR.jpg)
In 1934, the Presidium of the Academy and 14 scientific institutes were transferred from
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
to Moscow (On April 25, 1934 Vyacheslav Molotov signed the corresponding decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union). As Felix Perchenok noted, "the transfer of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union to Moscow – one of the most important steps towards turning it into the headquarters of Soviet science – was carried out in a fire order".
In 1935, the permanent secretary of the Academy,
Vyacheslav Volgin
Vyacheslav Petrovich Volgin (russian: Вячесла́в Петро́вич Во́лгин; 14 June 1879 – 3 July 1962) was a Soviet and Russian historian who wrote a number of books on early forms or precursors of communism, and who became vice- ...
, wrote a letter to
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
asking for his release from the position of permanent secretary. In the letter, he stressed that he alone was doing the difficult work of an indispensable secretary all the time, while other members of the party group only "threw out ideas", sometimes useful, sometimes fantastic. For five years in this post, Volgin not only could not continue his scientific work, but could not even read books in his specialty, could not follow the development of his science. "Meanwhile", he adds, "I was considered in the well-known narrow field as the best expert on the subject". "I’m already 56 years old", Vyacheslav Petrovich continues, "and there is not much time left for science. A few more years – and I will not be able to return to science". Moreover, in a letter to Stalin, he noted that in the party group, he no longer feels the former positive assessment of his work. On August 8, 1935, at a meeting of the Politburo, it was proposed to release Vyacheslav Volgin from the post of permanent secretary of the Academy. On November 20, 1935, by resolution of the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, he was thanked for his work in the governing bodies of the Academy of Sciences and freed from the duties of an indispensable secretary. His place was taken by the former affairs manager of the Council of People's Commissars
Nikolai Gorbunov
Nikolai Petrovich Gorbunov (russian: Николай Петрович Горбунов) (21 June 1892 – 7 September 1938) was a Soviet politician, chemist, engineer and academic; at one time personal secretary to leader Vladimir Lenin.
Biograp ...
. By the decree of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union dated June 26, 1937, this position was abolished altogether, and since that time administrative officers have performed the duties of secretaries.
On January 1, 1937 in the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was:
*88 – full members (academicians);
*4,108 – scientific and scientific-technical employees (on October 1, 1937).
From 1945 to 1970, the total number of researchers (including faculty and research personnel of higher education) increased more than sevenfold: from 130 thousand to 950 thousand people. In 1980 and 1985, the total number of research workers was already 1.4 and 1.5 million, respectively. The total number of scientific, scientific, pedagogical, design and design organizations of various types from 1945 to 1985 also increased steadily and amounted in the Soviet Union as a whole to 1,700, 5,300, and 5,100 successively in 1945, 1970 and 1985.
[
By 1985, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had:][Gabriel Khromov]
"Russian Academy of Sciences: history, myths and reality".
"Domestic Notes", 2002, № 7.
*274 – full members (academicians);
*542 – Corresponding Members;
*about 330 scientific institutions;
*57,000 scientists and researchers, with a total number of employees in all institutions 217 thousand people.
For its achievements, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was twice awarded the Order of Lenin
The Order of Lenin (russian: Орден Ленина, Orden Lenina, ), named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was established by the Central Executive Committee on April 6, 1930. The order was the highest civilian decoration b ...
: in 1969 and 1974.
Branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
In 1932, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union organized its first branches – the Ural and the Far East – and research bases – the Kazakh and Tajik. In 1933, the Transcaucasian branch was established with branches in Armenia and Azerbaijan, and in 1934, the Kola Research Base. In 1935, Azerbaijan, and in 1936 the Armenian branch of the Transcaucasian branch were transformed into independent branches of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Northern Base appeared, in 1939 the Uzbek Base, and in 1941, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers against the Soviet Union (USSR), Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Sout ...
, the Turkmen branch.
By the end of 1941, the Academy of Sciences had 7 branches (Azerbaijan, Armenian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Ural), two research bases (Kola and North), and one mountain taiga station. The scientific institutions of the branches and bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union at that time had about 1,500 scientific and technical workers, including 12 academicians, 11 corresponding members, 126 doctors, 284 candidates of science, 610 scientists without a scientific degree.
Reorganization after the collapse of the Soviet Union
In connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, located in the former Soviet republics and which were part of the academies of sciences of the Union republics, became part of the new independent states. Only the Russian Federation did not have its own Academy of Sciences during the Soviet Union despite the fact that 98% of the scientific institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were in the Russian Federation, and 95% of the members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union worked and lived in the Russian Federation.[From what tribe did the Russian Academy of Sciences go?](_blank)
/ref> In fact, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the Russian Academy of Sciences. On November 21, 1991, on the initiative of Russian academicians, a presidential decree was signed to create the Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across t ...
, according to which all members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, including those living in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, automatically became members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All buildings, large scientific instruments, vessels, scientific equipment and other state property that was in the use and disposal of institutions and organizations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic were transferred to the ownership of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[Presidential Decree of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of November 21, 1991 No. 228 "On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences"](_blank)
/ref> In December 1991, elections to the Russian Academy of Sciences were held, and the scientists who took part in these elections, together with the full members of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, constituted the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1992, the International Association of Academies of Sciences was established.
Targets and goals
The objectives of the activities of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were to promote the full implementation of scientific advances in the practice of communist construction in the USSR; identification and development of the most important and fundamental
Fundamental may refer to:
* Foundation of reality
* Fundamental frequency, as in music or phonetics, often referred to as simply a "fundamental"
* Fundamentalism, the belief in, and usually the strict adherence to, the simple or "fundamental" idea ...
areas of science. Coordination was also conducted through regional offices and republican academies of sciences.[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union / Mstislav Keldysh // A – Engob. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969. – (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: ]n 30 volumes
N, or n, is the fourteenth Letter (alphabet), letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is English alphabet# ...
/ editor-in-chief Alexander Prokhorov; 1969–1978, volume 1).
The research activity of the Academy was conducted in a network of institutes, laboratories, observatories. The network of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union included 295 scientific institutions.[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union as of 1989]
/ref>
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union had its own publishing house
Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newsp ...
, a research fleet, a network of libraries. The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union awarded awards to scientists who have made significant contributions to the development of science.
;Awards established by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
* Gold Medal named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov[ was the highest award of the Academy. Annually, two prizes were awarded to scientists (one Soviet and one foreign) for achievements in the natural and social sciences.
*Leonard Euler Gold Medal was an award for outstanding results in mathematics and physics.
*Karl Marx Gold Medal was a prize awarded once every three years to Soviet and foreign scientists for outstanding work in the field of social sciences.
*Vernadsky Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of earth sciences.
*Vavilov Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of physics.
*Mendeleev Gold Medal was an award for outstanding scientific work in the field of chemical science and technology.
*Keldysh Gold Medal was the award for outstanding work in the field of applied mathematics and mechanics.
*Pavlov Gold Medal was a reward for outstanding work in the field of physiology of higher nervous activity and visceral systems.
]
Composition and structure
;Number of members
The total number of active members of the Academy of Sciences on January 1, 1936 – 98 people.
In 1989, the Academy consisted of:
*323 active members;
*586 corresponding members;
*138 foreign members.[
;Governing bodies
The organs of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union were formed exclusively on an electoral basis. The supreme body is the General Meeting of Academicians and Corresponding Members. To guide the Academy in the periods between sessions of the General Assembly, it elects every 4 years the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
Presidents of the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet period:
* 1917–1936 – ]Alexander Karpinsky
Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky (russian: Александр Петрович Карпинский, trl. Aljeksandr Pjetrovič Karpinskij; 7 January 1847 ( NS) – 15 July 1936) was a prominent Russian and Soviet geologist and mineralogist, and ...
;
* 1936–1945 – Vladimir Komarov
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov ( rus, Влади́мир Миха́йлович Комаро́в, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ kəmɐˈrof; 16 March 1927 – 24 April 1967) was a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut. ...
;
* 1945–1951 – Sergey Vavilov;
* 1951–1961 – Alexander Nesmeyanov
Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov (russian: Александр Николаевич Несмеянов; , Moscow – 17 January 1980, Moscow) was a prominent Soviet chemist and academician (1943) specializing in organometallic chemistry.
Biograph ...
;
* 1961–1975 – Mstislav Keldysh
Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh (russian: Мстисла́в Все́володович Ке́лдыш; – 24 June 1978) was a Soviet mathematician who worked as an engineer in the Soviet space program.
He was the academician of the Academy o ...
;
* 1975–1986 – Anatoly Alexandrov;
* 1986–1991 – Gury Marchuk
Gury Ivanovich Marchuk (russian: Гурий Иванович Марчук; 8 June 1925 – 24 March 2013) was a Soviet and Russian scientist in the fields of computational mathematics, and physics of atmosphere. Academician (since 1968); the ...
.
;Structure
The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union consisted of fourteen (from 1956) republican academies (the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
did not have its own academy)[The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics and branch academies.](_blank)
/ref> and three regional branches in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: Siberian
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
(1957), Far Eastern (1987) and Ural (1987).
*Section of Physical, Technical and Mathematical Sciences. Departments: Mathematics, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Physics, Physical and Technical Problems of Energy, Mechanics and Control Processes.
*Section of Chemical, Technological and Biological Sciences. Departments: general and technical chemistry; physical chemistry and technology of inorganic materials; biochemistry, biophysics and chemistry of physiologically active compounds; physiology; general biology.
*Section of Earth Sciences. Departments: geology, geophysics and geochemistry; oceanology, atmospheric physics, geography.
*Section of Social Sciences. Departments: history; philosophy and law; economy; literature and language.[
;Commissions of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
* ]Archaeographic Commission
The Archaeographic Commission (Археографическая комиссия) was set up in St. Petersburg in 1834 by Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Nikolay Ustryalov, and Pavel Stroyev with the aim of publishing historical and ethnographic mat ...
;
* Transcaucasian Commission – work around Lake Sevan
Lake Sevan ( hy, Սևանա լիճ, Sevana lich) is the largest body of water in both Armenia and the Caucasus region. It is one of the largest freshwater high-altitude (alpine) lakes in Eurasia. The lake is situated in Gegharkunik Province, ...
;
* Polar Commission – work on the island of Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya (, also , ; rus, Но́вая Земля́, p=ˈnovəjə zʲɪmˈlʲa, ) is an archipelago in northern Russia. It is situated in the Arctic Ocean, in the extreme northeast of Europe, with Cape Flissingsky, on the northern island, ...
;
* Nuclear Commission;
* Commission on bases of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union;
* Commission on the study of natural productive forces;
* Commission for the integrated study of the Caspian Sea;
* Expeditionary Research Commission;
* Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the Soviet Union and Neighboring Countries;Scientific works: Commission for the study of the tribal composition of the population of the USSR and neighboring countries
1927.
* Permanent Historical Commission;
* Mudflow Commission;
* Uranium Commission;
and others.
Criticism
Critics noted that, despite the broadest powers and formal responsibility for the state and development of all science in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, during its existence, the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union did not come up with any serious project reforming Soviet science.[
]
Recognition
;Filmography
"Country and Science." Documentary.
Central Studio for Documentary Film
Russian Central Studio of Documentary Film () is a Russian film studio, founded in 1927. It was the largest Soviet newsreel and documentary cinematography studio. It is headquartered in Moscow.
History
Studio traced its history from 1927, when a ...
. 1974. 50 minutes.
;In philately
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
* Documents on the history of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: 1917–1925. / Compiled by Tryaskina. – Leningrad:
, 1986.
* Autographs of scientists at the Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union – Leningrad: Science, 1978.
* The Academy of Sciences in the decisions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) – the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. – Moscow, 2000.
* ''Anatoly Koltsov''. Development of the Academy of Sciences as the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union. 1926–1932. – Leningrad: Science, 1982.
* ''Gennady Komkov, Boris Levshin, Lev Semenov''. Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: A brief historical essay. – Moscow: Science, 1974.
* ''Anna Lahno''
// Public administration. Electronic messenger. – 2009. – № 21. – ISSSN 2070-1381.
* Materials on the history of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union during the Soviet period: 1917–1947. – Moscow, 1950.
* International scientific relations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. 1917–1941 / Compiled by Pantsyrev. – Moscow: Science, 1992.
* 220 years of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Reference book. – Moscow – Leningrad, 1945.
* Zinaida Sokolovskaya, Alexander Yanshin. History of the Academy of Sciences of Russia in the books of the series of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Scientific and biographical literature" // Questions of the history of science and technology. – 1999. – № 3.
* The tragic fate: repressed scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. – Moscow, 1995.
* ''Vyacheslav Tyutyunnik, Tatiana Fedotova''. Gold medals and nominal awards of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: bibliography. – Tambov, 1988.
* Charters of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1724–1999. – Moscow, 1999.
// Great Soviet Encyclopedia: in 66 volumes (65 volumes and 1 additional) / editor-in-chief Otto Schmidt. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1926–1947.
* ''
. 1994. № 12.