Southern nationalism

Neo-Confederates are groups and individuals who portray the Confederate States of America and its actions during the American Civil War in a positive light. The League of the South, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other neo-Confederate organizations continue to advocate the secession of the former Confederate States.

Etymology

History of the term

Historian James M. McPherson used the term "neo-Confederate historical committees" in his description of the efforts which were undertaken from 1890 to 1930 to have history textbooks present a version of the American Civil War in which secession was not rebellion, the Confederacy did not fight for slavery, and the Confederate soldier was defeated by overwhelming numbers and resources. Historian Nancy MacLean used the term "neo-Confederacy" in reference to groups, such as the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, that formed in the 1950s to oppose the Supreme Court of the United States rulings demanding racial integration, in particular ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954). Former ''Southern Partisan'' editor and co-owner Richard Quinn used the term when he referred to Richard T. Hines, former ''Southern Partisan'' contributor and Ronald Reagan administration staffer, as being "among the first neo-Confederates to resist efforts by the infidels to take down the Confederate flag."

An early use of the term came in 1954. In a book review, Leonard Levy (later a winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1968) wrote: "Similar blindness to the moral issue of slavery, plus a resentment against the rise of the Negro and modern industrialism, resulted in the neo-Confederate interpretation of Phillips, Ramsdell and Owsley."

Historian Gary W. Gallagher stated in an interview that neo-Confederates don't want to hear him when he talks "about how important maintaining racial control, white supremacy, was to the white South." He warns, however, that the term neo-Confederate can be overused, writing, "Any historian who argues that the Confederate people demonstrated robust devotion to their slave-based republic, possessed feelings of national community, and sacrificed more than any other segment of white society in United States history runs the risk of being labeled a neo-Confederate."

Background

Origins and doctrines of "Lost Cause" Civil War history

The "Lost Cause" is the name which is commonly given to a movement that seeks to reconcile the traditional society of the Southern United States with the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Those who contribute to the movement tend to portray the Confederacy's cause as noble and most of the Confederacy's leaders as exemplars of old-fashioned chivalry, defeated by the Union armies not through superior military skill, but by overwhelming force. They believe the commonly-portrayed Civil War history to be a "false history". They also tend to condemn Reconstruction and giving the vote to African Americans.

On its main website, the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) speaks of "ensuring that a true history of the 1861-1865 period is preserved", claiming that " e preservation of liberty and freedom was the motivating factor in the South's decision to fight the Second American Revolution."

James M. McPherson has written on the origins of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), stating: "A principal motive of the UDC's founding was to counter this 'false history' which taught Southern children 'that their fathers were not only rebels but guilty of almost every crime enumerated in the Decalogue.'" Much of what the UDC called "false history" centered on the relationship between slavery and secession and the war. The chaplain of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV), forerunner of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, wrote in 1898 that history books as written could lead Southern children to "think that we fought for slavery" and would "fasten upon the South the stigma of slavery and that we fought for it ... The Southern soldier will go down in history dishonored". Referring to a 1932 call by the Sons of Confederate Veterans to restore "the purity of our history", McPherson notes that the "quest for purity remains vital today, as any historian working in the field can testify."

In the 1910s, Mildred Rutherford, the historian general of the UDC, spearheaded the attack on schoolbooks that did not present the Lost Cause version of history. Rutherford assembled a "massive collection" which included "essay contests on the glory of the Ku Klux Klan and personal tributes to faithful slaves". Historian David Blight concluded: "All UDC members and leaders were not as virulently racist as Rutherford, but all, in the name of a reconciled nation, participated in an enterprise that deeply influenced the white supremacist vision of Civil war memory."

Historian Alan T. Nolan refers to the Lost Cause as "a rationalization, a cover-up". After describing the devastation that was the consequence of the war for the South, Nolan states:

Leaders of such a catastrophe must account for themselves. Justification is necessary. Those who followed their leaders into the catastrophe required similar rationalization. Clement A. Evans, a Georgia veteran who at one time commanded the United Confederate Veterans organization, said this: "If we cannot justify the South in the act of Secession, we will go down in History solely as a brave, impulsive but rash people who attempted in an illegal manner to overthrow the Union of our Country."Gallagher and Nolan pg. 13-14

Nolan further states his opinion of the racial basis of Lost Cause mythology:

The Lost Cause version of the war is a caricature, possible, among other reasons, because of the false treatment of slavery and the black people. This false treatment struck at the core of the truth of the war, unhinging cause and effect, depriving the United States of any high purpose, and removing African Americans from their true role as the issue of the war and participants in the war, and characterizing them as historically irrelevant.

Historian David Goldfield observes:

If history has defined the South, it has also trapped white southerners into sometimes defending the indefensible, holding onto views generally discredited in the rest of the civilized world and holding on the fiercer because of that. The extreme sensitivity of some Southerners toward criticism of their past (or present) reflects not only their deep attachment to their perception of history but also to their misgivings, a feeling that maybe they've fouled up somewhere and maybe the critics have something.

When asked about purported "neo-Confederate revisionism" and the people behind it, Arizona State University professor and Civil War historian Brooks D. Simpson said:

This is an active attempt to reshape historical memory, an effort by white Southerners to find historical justifications for present-day actions. The neo-Confederate movement's ideologues have grasped that if they control how people remember the past, they'll control how people approach the present and the future. Ultimately, this is a very conscious war for memory and heritage. It's a quest for legitimacy, the eternal quest for justification.

Tenets of neo-Confederate beliefs

Historical revisionism

Neo-Confederates often hold iconoclastic views about the American Civil War and the Confederate States of America. Neo-Confederates are openly critical of the presidency of Abraham Lincoln to varying degrees and they are also critical of the history of Reconstruction. Various authors have written critiques of Lincoln and the Union. Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea is singled out for purported atrocities which neo-Confederates believe were committed against Southern civilians, in contrast to the mainstream historical perspective which argues that Sherman targeted Southern infrastructure and curtailed killing rather than expand it. Slavery is rarely mentioned—when it is, it is usually not defended and is denied as a primary cause of the Confederacy's starting of the American Civil War. Critics often accuse neo-Confederates of engaging in "historical revisionism" and acting as "apologists".

Neo-Confederates have been accused of downplaying the role of slavery in triggering the Civil War and misrepresenting African-American support for the Confederacy. The book ''The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader'' says that toward the end of the 20th century—in order to support the idea that the Civil War was not about slavery—neo-Confederates began to claim that "thousands of African Americans had served in the Confederate army". A neo-Confederate publication, ''Confederate Veteran'', published by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the Military Order of the Stars and Bars, said in 1992 that "the overwhelming majority of blacks during the War Between the States supported and defended, with armed resistance, the Cause of Southern Independence". Historian Bruce Levine says that "their eo-Confederates'insistent celebration these days of ' Black Confederates' ... seeks to legitimize the claim" that the war "had ''never'' talics in originalbeen fought on behalf of slavery; loyalty to the South, Southern self-government, Southern culture, or states' rights — rather than slavery and white supremacy — fueled the Southern war effort".

The honor of the Confederacy and its veterans is another controversial feature of neo-Confederate dogma. The neo-Confederate movement is concerned about giving honor to the Confederacy itself, to the veterans of the Confederacy and Confederate veterans' cemeteries, to the various flags of the Confederacy and Southern cultural identity.http://vastpublicindifference.blogspot.com/2008/05/confederate-monumental-landscape_26.html Confederate Monumental Landscape: Literate Sources

Political beliefs

Political values held by neo-Confederates vary, but they often revolve around a belief in limited government, states' rights, the right of states to secede, and Southern nationalism—that is, the belief that the people of the Southern United States are part of a distinct and unique civilization. Neo-Confederates are sometimes associated with the paleoconservative and libertarian movements because of shared views of the role of government.

Neo-Confederates typically support a decentralized national government and are strong advocates of states' rights. Neo-Confederates are strongly in favor of the right of secession, claiming it is legal and thus openly advocate the secession of the Southern states and territories which comprised the old Confederate States of America. The League of the South, for example, promotes the "independence of the Southern people" from the "American empire". Most neo-Confederate groups do not seek violent revolution, but rather an orderly separation, such as was done in the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Many neo-Confederate groups have prepared for what they view as a possible collapse of the federal United States into its 50 separate states, similarly to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and believe the Confederacy can be resurrected at that time.

Neo-Confederates are typically opposed to the civil rights movement, which they view as federal overreach. Historian Nancy MacLean states that neo-Confederates used the history of the Confederacy to justify their opposition to the civil rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Historian David Blight writes that current neo-Confederates are "driven largely by the desire of current white supremacists to re-legitimize the Confederacy, while they tacitly reject the victories of the modern civil rights movement".

Cultural and religious

Neo-Confederates promote foundational Christian culture. They support public displays of Christianity, such as Ten Commandments monuments and displays of the Christian cross. Some neo-Confederates view the Civil War struggles as being between Christian orthodoxy and anti-Christian forces. Certain neo-Confederates believe in an "Anglo-Celtic" identity theory for residents of the South.

Economic policies

Neo-Confederates usually advocate a free market economy which engages in significantly less taxation than currently found in the United States and which does not revolve around fiat currencies such as the United States dollar.http://www.dixienet.org/New%20Site/corebeliefs.shtml League of the South Core Beliefs Statement Some of them desire an extreme type of ''laissez-faire'' economic system involving a minimal role for the state. Other Neo-Confederates believe in distributionism as well as a display of populist tendencies since the Civil War. Figures such as Absolom West, Leonidas L. Polk, and William M. Lowe went on to join the Populist movements of their respective times. There is a minority of neo-Confederates who believe the Confederacy to have been Socialist citing the writings of George Fitzhugh; this was also displayed in Louise Biles Hill's book, ''State Socialism in the Confederate States''. Many who believe this also point to Albert Parsons as another example.

Neo-Confederates and libertarianism

Historian Daniel Feller asserts that libertarian authors Thomas DiLorenzo, Charles Adams and Jeffrey Rogers Hummel have produced a "marriage of neo-Confederates and libertarianism". Feller writes:

In a review of libertarian Thomas E. Woods, Jr.'s ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History'', in turn Hummel refers to the works by DiLorenzo and Adams as "amateurish neo-Confederate books". Of Woods, Hummel states that the two main neo-Confederate aspects of Woods' work are his emphasis on a legal right of secession while ignoring the moral right to secession and his failure to acknowledge the importance of slavery in the Civil War. Hummel writes:

Hummel also criticizes Woods' "neo-Confederate sympathies" in his chapter on Reconstruction. Most egregious was his "apologia for the Black Codes adopted by the southern states immediately after the Civil War". Part of the problem was Woods' reliance on an earlier neo-Confederate work, Robert Selph Henry's 1938 book ''The Story of Reconstruction''.

Historian Gerald J. Prokopowicz mentioned apprehension toward recognizing Lincoln's role in freeing slaves as well as libertarian attitudes towards the Confederacy in an interview regarding his book ''Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions about Abraham Lincoln'':

Some intellectuals who have helped shape the modern neo-Confederate movement have been associated with libertarian organizations such as the Mises Institute. These individuals often insist on the South's right to secede and typically hold views in stark contrast to mainstream academia in regards to the causes and consequences of the American Civil War. Zack Beauchamp of ''ThinkProgress'' argues that because of its small size, the libertarian movement has become partially beholden to a neo-Confederate demographic. In contemporary politics, some libertarians have tried to distance themselves from neo-Confederate ideology while also critiquing President Lincoln's wartime policies, such as the suspension of ''habeas corpus'', from a libertarian perspective.

Neo-Confederate views and the Republican Party

Historian Nancy MacLean writes that "since the 1960s the party of Lincoln has become the haven of neo-Confederacy. Having long prided itself on saving the Union, the Republican Party has become home to those who lionize the slaveholding South and romanticize the Jim Crow South". According to MacClean, this embrace of neo-Confederate views is not exclusively about race, but it is related to a pragmatic political realization that the "retrospective romanticization of the Old South" and secession presented many possible themes that could be used as conservatives attempted to reverse the national changes initiated by the New Deal.

According to MacLean, after the defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election and the successes of the civil rights movement, conservative leaders nationally distanced themselves from racial issues, but they continued to support a "color-blind" version of neo-Confederatism. She writes that "even into the twenty-first century mainstream conservative Republican politicians continued to associate themselves with issues, symbols, and organizations inspired by the neo-Confederate Right".

Two prominent neo-Confederates—Walter Donald Kennedy and Al Benson—published the book ''Red Republicans and Lincoln's Marxists: Marxism in the Civil War'', in which they argue that Lincoln and the Republican Party were influenced by Marxism.

Criticism of neo-Confederates

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) reports on the "neo-Confederate movement" almost always in a critical fashion. A special report by the SPLC's Mark Potok in their magazine, ''Intelligence Report'', critically described a number of groups as "neo-Confederate" in 2000. "Lincoln Reconstructed", published in 2003 in the ''Intelligence Report'', focuses on the resurgent demonization of Abraham Lincoln in the South. The article quotes the chaplain of the Sons of Confederate Veterans as giving an invocation which recalled "the last real Christian civilization on Earth".

George Ewert, director of the Museum of Mobile, wrote a review of the film '' Gods and Generals'' in which he pointed out that the film was "part of a growing movement that seeks to rewrite the history of the American South, downplaying slavery and the economic system that it sustained". His review enraged local neo-Confederate activists.

Neo-Confederate groups

* Abbeville Institute
* Citizens' Councils
** Council of Conservative Citizens (the successor to the Citizens' Councils)
* Dixiecrats (States' Rights Democratic Party) (defunct)
* Flaggers (movement)
* Knights of the White Camelia
* Ku Klux Klan (1st and 3rd incarnations)
* League of the South
** Southern Party (a division of the League of the South) (defunct)
* National States' Rights Party
* Red Shirts (United States)
* Sons of Confederate Veterans
* Southern Historical Society
* White League

See also

* Anti-federalism
* Alt-right
* Culture of the Southern United States
* Eugene Genovese
* History of the Southern United States
* Jeffersonian democracy
* Kinism
* List of active separatist movements in North America
* List of Confederate monuments and memorials
* List of Ku Klux Klan organizations
* List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups
* List of white nationalist organizations
* Lost Cause of the Confederacy
* Loy Mauch
* Mel Bradford
* Naming the American Civil War
* Paleoconservatism
* Paleolibertarianism
* Politics of the Southern United States
* Radical right
* Richard M. Weaver
* Second American Civil War
* Solid South
* Southern Democrats
* States' rights
* States' rights faction of the Republican Party
* Trumpism
* Unite the Right rally
* White nationalism
* White supremacy
* Woodrow Wilson and race

Notes

References

* Blight, David W. ''Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory''. (2001) .
* Feller, Daniel. "Libertarians in the Attic, or a Tale of Two Narratives". ''Reviews in American History'' 32.2 (2004) 184–195.
* Gallagher, Gary W. and Nolan, Alan T. editors. ''The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History''. (2000) .
* Goldfield, David. ''Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History''. (2002) .
*
* Kennedy, Walter Donald, and Benson, Jr., Al, ''Red Republicans and Lincoln's Marxists: Marxism in the Civil War'' (2009) .
* Levine, Bruce. ''Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War.'' (2006) .
* Levy, Leonard W. ''Review of Americans Interpret Their Civil War by Thomas J. Pressly.'' The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3. (Sep. 1954), pp. 523–524.
* MacLean, Nancy. "Neo-Confederacy versus the New Deal: The Regional Utopia of the Modern American Right" in ''The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism''. (2010) edited by Lassiter, Matthew W. and Crespino, Joseph.
* McPherson, James M. ''This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War''. (2007) .

Further reading

* Cox, Karen L. ''Dixie's Daughters: the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. Reissue with new intro 2019).''
* Denson, John V. ''A Century of War: Lincoln, Wilson, and Roosevelt''.
* Fredrickson, Kari. ''The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968''. (Chapel Hill, Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001). Forerunners of the modern neo-Confederate movement.
* Gallagher, Gary W. ''The Confederate War''. (Harvard University Press, 1999).
* McMillen, Neil R. ''The Citizens' Councils: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction, 1954-64''. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971). Forerunners of the Council of Conservative Citizens.
* Murphy, Paul V. ''The Rebuke of History: The Southern Agrarians and American Conservative Thought''. (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2001). This is an important book to understand the forerunners of the modern neo-Confederate movement.

''New York Times'': Member's Racist Ties Split Confederate Legacy Group




* ttps://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2000/neo-confederates SPLC Intelligence Report: The Neo-ConfederatesSeptember 2000.

Hague, Euan. SPLC Hatewatch Report: The Neo-Confederate Movement
January 2010.

External links

; Neo-Confederate groups

Council of Conservative Citizens

Abbeville Institute

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