Southern Carpathians

The Southern Carpathians (also known as the Transylvanian Alps; ro, Carpații Meridionali ; hu, Déli-Kárpátok) are a group of mountain ranges located in southern Romania. They cover the part of the Carpathian Mountains located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers in the west. To the south they are bounded by the Balkan mountain range in eastern Serbia.

Heights

The Southern Carpathians are the second highest group of mountains in the Carpathian Mountain range (after Tatra), reaching heights of over 2,500 meters. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists.

The highest peaks are:
* Moldoveanu Peak, 2,544 metres – Făgăraș Mountains
* Negoiu, 2,535 metres – Făgăraș Mountains
* Parângu Mare, 2,519 metres – Parâng Mountains
* Omu Peak 2,514 metres – Bucegi Mountains
* Peleaga, 2,509 metres – Retezat Mountains

Despite the heights, some of the most accessible passages in the Carpathians in Romania are along the rivers, which cross the mountain range (the Olt River) or form wide valleys (along the Prahova River Valley or along the Jiu River Valley).

Geology

The South Carpathians represent an intricate pile of tectonic nappes, overthrusted from west eastwards during the Austrian (Middle Cretaceous) and Laramian paroxysmal phases, corresponding to various plate fragments. The napes are (from west eastwards): the Supragetic, Getic, Severin and Danubian Units. The Getic Nappe was identified by Murgoci (1905), while the general understanding over the Alpine structure of the South Carpathians was later refined by Codarcea (1940), Codarcea et al. (1961), Năstăseanu et al. (1981), Săndulescu (1984), Săndulescu and Dimitrescu (2004), and Mutihac (1990). The first to apply the global tectonics concepts for the Romanian Carpathians were Rădulescu and Săndulescu (1973).Rădulescu, D. and Săndulescu, M., 1973. The plate-tectonics concept and the geological structure of the Carpathians. Tectonophysics, 16: 155–161.

The Supragetic, Getic Nappes as well as the Danubian Units represent units with both a metamorphic basement and a sedimentary cover, while the Severin Nappe includes only a sedimentary sequence. The Getic Nappe and the Danubian Units sediments include a Palaeozoic sequence (Upper Carboniferous, Lower Permian) and a Mesozoic sequence (Lowermost Jurassic – Middle Cretaceous). The Supragetic Nappe comprises mainly metamorphosed rocks (gneisses, micashists), while the Severin Nappe includes only Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous sediments.

Mountain ranges

From east to west, four mountain groups can be identified, separated by different river valleys.
* Bucegi Mountains group – between the Prahova and Dâmbovița Rivers.
** Bucegi Mountains (''Munții Bucegi'')
** Piatra Craiului (literally: "Rock of the King")
** Leaotă Mountains (''Munții Leaotă'')
* Făgăraș Mountains group – between the Dâmbovița River and the Olt River.
** Făgăraș Mountains (''Munții Făgărașului'')
** Iezer Mountains (''Munții Iezer''; literally: "Mountains of the Deep Lake")
** Cozia Mountains (''Munții Cozia'')
* Parâng Mountains group – between the Olt River and the Jiu River.
** Parâng Mountains (''Munții Parâng'')
** Șureanu Mountains (''Munții Șureanu''/''M. Sebeșului'')
**Cindrel Mountains (''Munții Cindrel''/''M. Cibinului'')
** Lotru Mountains (''Munții Lotrului''; literally: "Mountains of the Thief")
**Căpățână Mountains (''Munții Căpățânii''; literally: "Mountains of the Skull")
* Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group – between the Jiu River and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers.
** Retezat Mountains (''Munții Retezat''; literally: "Hewed Mountains")
** Godeanu Mountains (''Munții Godeanu'')
** Vâlcan Mountains (''Munții Vâlcan'')
** Mehedinți Mountains (''Munții Mehendinți'')
**Cerna Mountains (''Munții Cernei'')
** Țarcu Mountains (''Munții Țarcu''; literally: "Pen Mountains").
* Poiana Ruscă Mountains

The first two groups are steepest on the North side, and the last two are steepest on the South side.

Gallery

File:Muntii Bucegi vazuti de pe Postavaru.jpg, Bucegi as seen from Postavaru massif
File:Caraiman Cross on Bucegi mountain top.jpg, Caraiman Cross on mountain top
File:Bucegi.jpg, Coștila 400 meters high wall
File:Caraiman summit.JPG, View from Bușteni
File:Vf-scara4.jpg, Scara summit in Bucegi Mountains
File:Bucegi Sphinx, Romania.jpg, The Sphinx of Bucegi
File:01 Magura, Romania - Piatra Craiului mountains.jpg, Piatra Craiului Mountains

File:Bucegi jepiimici.JPG, Jepii Mici Peak in Bucegi Mountains
File:BaleaLac4.jpg, Lake Bâlea in Făgăraș Mountains
File:Detaliu Custura Saratii.jpg, Challenging hiking trail
File:Lake Podragu.jpg, Podragu Lake
File:Transfagarasan twisty road.jpg, Transfăgărășan alpine road
File:Gory Fogaraskie (Fagaras Mountains) 67.jpg, Regular footpath in Făgăraș Mountains
File:Custura Saratii.jpg, Custura Sărătii (in the center of the photo)

File:La Zaplaz, Piatra Craiului.jpg, La Zaplaz landmark
File:Zarnesti.JPG, Piatra Craiului ridge in winter
File:Parang-21.jpg, Landscape in Parâng Mountains
File:Parang mountain image 1.jpg, Parâng alpine scenery
File:Parang-38.jpg, Shelter in Parâng mountains
File:Parang-32.jpg, One of many Parâng glacial lakes

File:Jezera v pohoří Retezat.jpg, Glacial lakes in the Retezat Mountains
File:Retezat-VfBucura.jpg, Bucura Peak in the distance
File:Retezat Mountain - Retezat Peak 04.JPG, Sunset on Retezat Peak
File:Chata u Bucury.jpg, Salvamont shelter in Retezat
File:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG, Waterfall in Retezat National Park
File:Lacul Bucura.jpg, Bucura Lake

See also

* Romanian Carpathians
* Divisions of the Carpathians
* Iron Gates, at the South-Western end
* Prahova Valley, at the Eastern end

References

External links

Pictures and landscapes from the Southern Carpathians

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Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
Geography of Southeastern Europe
Geography of Transylvania