South African units of measurement

A number of units of measurement were used in South Africa to measure quantities like length, mass, capacity, etc. The Imperial system of measurements was made standard in 1922 and the metric system was adopted in 1970.

System before metric system

British and old Dutch systems were used.

Length

The Rhynland rood (''Rijnlandse roede'') was a standard Dutch measurement. It was changed in 1859 to the "Cape Foot" due to a drift in standards.
:1 Rhynland foot (''Rijnlandse voet'') = 12 Rhynland inches (''Rijnlandse duim'') = 1.030 English feet.
:1 Rhynland rood = 12 Rhynland feet = 12.36 (≈12.4) English feet.
:1 Cape foot = 1.033 English feet.
:1 Cape rood = 12 Cape feet = 12.394 (≈12.4) English feet.
:1 ''elle'' = 27 Rhynland inches Martin, Robert Montgomery.''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire in the West Indies, South America, North America, Asia, Austral-Asia, and Europe'' (1839). William H. Allen & Co. London. pg. 493 = 2.25 Rhynland feet [].name=":ict13"
:1 English yard = 34.85 (≈35) Rhynland inches = 2.91 Rhynland feet

Mass

:32 ''loot'' = 16 ''ons'' ("Dutch ounce") = 1 ''pond'' ("Dutch pound").
:1 Dutch pound = 1.08932 (≈1.09) English Avoirdupois pounds. .494 kg.:1 English Avoirdupois pound .453 kg.= 0.918 (≈0.92) Dutch pounds.
:1 Cape Hundredweight (cwt.) = 100 English Avoirdupois pounds.Briggs, William.''Clive's South African arithmetics - Standard III''(1907). University Tutorial Press, London, p.44
:20 Cape Hundredweights (20 × 100 lb) = 1 Cape Ton (2,000 lb)
:1 Bundle =0.699 lbs .3175 kg

Area

One morgen was equal to .

Capacity

Several units were used. Some units are provided below:

Dry measures

These were used to measure rice and salt.
:1 ''gantang'' 2.02 Imp. gal. Derived from a Malaysian dry measure used on Java, Borneo, and the Moluccas and Celebes Islands.
:1 ''balli'' = 5 ''gantang'' 11 Imp. gal. Derived from an Indonesian dry measure used on Sumatra.

Corn measures

These were used to measure grains.
:1 ''schepel'' 5.999 (≈6) Imp. gal., 0.749 (≈0.75) Imp. bushels.ref name="Martin, Robert Montgomery 1839 pg. 493"/> Derived from an old Dutch word for a measuring spade or scoop used to portion out seeds or grain. It fell out of favor by the end of the 19th century.
:1 ''muid'' (sack) = 4 ''schepels'' 23.998 (≈24) Imp. gal., 2.99 (≈3) Imp. bushelsref name="Martin, Robert Montgomery pg. 493">Martin, Robert Montgomery.''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire in the West Indies, South America, North America, Asia, Austral-Asia, and Europe'' (1839). William H. Allen & Co. London. pg. 493 Derived from a medieval French word for a dry measure of seeds large enough to plant a set area of land.
:1 quarter 90.95 (≈291) l, 64 Imp. gal., 8 Imp. bushels≈ 11 ''schepels'' 65.99 (≈66) Imperial gal., 8.249 (≈8.25) Imp. bushels A standard measurement of grain equal to a quarter of a short ton 00 English lbs., 227 kgin weight.
:1 load = 10 ''muids'' = 40 ''schepels'' 29.98 (≈30) Imp. bushelsref name="Martin, Robert Montgomery pg. 493"/>

Liquid measures

The country didn't have a unified system of liquid measurement in the 19th century because the Afrikaners used the Dutch gallon .3947 (≈3.4)? litersand the British used the Imperial gallon .54 liters When measuring alcohol, the British system was used only for ale and beer and the Dutch system was used only for wine, brandy and distilled spirits. This was due to specialization in the two colonies, which were not united until 1910. Vintning was more common among the Afrikaner farmers of the Western Cape, who dominated the industry. Meanwhile, the British farmers grew grain that could be brewed into beer. Wine was for export and beer, which was perishable, was for domestic consumption. Each community used their own standard measurement systems to store, sell and ship their wares.

=Ale & beer

=
The ''firkin'', ''kilderkin'', barrel, ''hogshead'', and ''butt'' were traditional British measurements of capacity for standard ale and beer containers. They were based on the British ale gallon. (Once there were different measures for ale and beer before the Ale gallon measure became standard for both in 1688; the Ale gallon then became the Imperial gallon in 1824).

:1 ''firkin'' Imp. gal. A Dutch word meaning "little Fourth"; a measure that was a fourth of a barrel. A small cask similar to the ''anker''.
:1 ''kilderkin'' = 2 ''firkins'' 8 Imp. gal. A Dutch word meaning "little quintal"; a measure that was a half of a barrel.
:1 barrel = 4 ''firkins'' = 2 ''kilderkins'' 6 Imp. gal.:1 ''hogshead'' = 6 ''firkins'' = 3 ''kilderkins'' 4 Imp. gal.
:1 ''butt'' = 12 ''firkins'' = 6 ''kilderkins'' = 3 barrels = 2 ''hogsheads'' 08 Imp. gal.

:''Dumpie'' 40 ml, 11.98 Imp. fl. oz. A short-necked recyclable beer-bottle with a rounded body; the word is a nickname for a person who is short and fat. It used to be 12 Imperial ounces 41 ml(3/5 of an Imperial pint), like the Canadian "stumpy" beer bottles. It was rounded down to 340 ml when South Africa converted to the metric system in 1970. The 340 ml capacity also became the standard volume for beer and soda cans until 2007, when the bottling plants converted to the 330 ml European standard. It has since been replaced by long-necked 330 ml beer bottles.
:"Quart" 50 ml, 0.659 (≈0.66) Imp. fl. qt. The standard 750 ml wine bottle (about 2/3 of an Imperial quart) was also used for beer until 2008. Wine bottles were more fragile than the heavier ''Dumpies'', making them harder to recycle. Under the South African Breweries (SAB) Project Calabash initiative in 2008 a new 750 ml bottle that was longer lasting and easier to recycle was introduced. It has a cylindrical body with a necked-down conical neck, resembling a scaled-up Pilsner beer pint bottle.

=Wine

=
The Dutch East India company used the Cape of Good Hope as a waystation between Europe and the East Indies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Dutch sailors drank the local wine to combat scurvy and exported barrels of it back to Europe. This was followed by the British government's policy of encouraging the wine and brandy industry in South Africa in the early- to mid-19th century through subsidies and low tariffs. (Their recent isolation during Napoleon's Continental System impressed upon them that they would potentially need alternative sources of European commodities in the future.)

The ''kanne'', ''anker'', ''ahm'', and ''legger'' are obsolete 17th century Dutch measurements of capacity that were used for standard containers of wine and spirits. The standard "Dutch gallon" used was based on that of Amsterdam. They were typically sold in ''ankers'', half-aums, and ''leggers''Briggs, William.''Clive's South African arithmetics - Standard IV''(1907). University Tutorial Press, London p.18 until 1922, when the Imperial measurement system went into effect.

:1 ''kanne'' (can) = ''legger'' (≈0.343) Dutch gallons, iters, 1.17 Imp. qts.A Dutch and German term for a measure of alcohol that was enough to fill a standard wine flagon (''flapkan''). The term ''kanne'' was also used for different-sized measures of beer, milk or whale oil that varied from region to region.
:1 flask = (≈0.6) Dutch gallons, iters, 1.978 (≈2) Imp. qts.A term for a measure of alcohol that was enough to fill a large wine bottle. South Africa eventually adopted the standard French 750-ml bottle.
:1 half-anker = 12.125 (≈12) ''kannen'', ''ahm'' = ''legger'' .75 Dutch gallons, iters, 3.958 (≈4) Imp. gals.
:1 ''anker'' = 24.25 (≈24) ''kannen'', ''ahm'' = ''legger'' .5 Dutch gallons, iters, 7.9143 (≈8) Imp. gals.A Dutch term for a small wine or brandy cask.
:1 half-aum = 48.5 (≈48) ''kannen'', 2 ''anker'' = ''legger'' 9 Dutch gallons, iters, 15.8286 (≈16) Imp. gals.A measure roughly equivalent to a British ''rundlet'' 8.19 (≈68) liters, 15 Imperial gallons
:1 ''ahm'' (aum) = 97 ''kannen'' = 4 ''anker'' = ''legger''. 8 Dutch gallons, iters, 31.6572 (≈32) Imp. gals.An ''ahm'' (anglicised as "aum" - using the French spelling) was a Dutch and German measure of wine that was a fourth of a ''legger''. It was also roughly equivalent to a British ''tierce'' 59.1 (≈159) liters, 35 Imp. gals. a measure equal to a third of a ''butt''.
:1 half-pipe 5 Dutch gallons, iters, 45. (≈46) Imp. gals.:1 pipe 10 Dutch gallons, iters, 91. (≈92) Imp. gals. A wine cask based on the Spanish ''pipa'' of Cadiz that was introduced to Britain via the garrison of Gibraltar. The British adopted several different sized 'pipes' that varied in capacity depending on the contents (like hard cider, brandy, wine, or fortified wine). The South African wine 'pipe' was based on the Madeira 'pipe' of 92 Imperial gallons.
:1 half-leaguer = 194 ''kannen'' = 8 ''anker'' = 2 ''ahm'' 6 Dutch gallons, 287.849 (≈288) liters, 63.318 (≈64) Imp. gals.A measure roughly equivalent to a British ''hogshead''.
:1 ''legger'' (leaguer) = 388 ''kannen'' = 16 ''anker'' = 4 ''ahm'' 52 Dutch gallons, 575.67 (≈576) liters, 126. (≈127) Imp. gals.A ''legger'' (anglicised as "leaguer") was a Dutch term for a large barrel of wine, roughly equivalent to a British ''butt'' 77.3 (≈477) liters, 105 Imperial gallons

=Gasoline

=
Gasoline was formerly sold in Imperial gallons Imp. gal. = 4.55 L but was switched to litres after the adoption of the metric system.

References

{{Systems of measurement

South African culture
South Africa