South African Dutton Road-rail Tractors

The South African Railways Dutton road-rail tractors of 1923 were road-rail steam tractors.

In 1917, the South African Railways conducted trials with a prototype petrol-paraffin powered Dutton road-rail tractor. In 1924, it placed two production model steam rail tractors in service on the new narrow gauge line between Naboomspruit and Singlewood in Transvaal. One was constructed as a road-rail tractor while the other was constructed as a bi-directional rail-only tractor.Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). ''The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued).'' South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1945. pp. 782-783.

Branch line unprofitability

The unprofitability of many branch line operations had been a problem for the South African Railways (SAR) from the outset. The question of non-paying branch lines was raised by Sir William Hoy, South African Railways and Harbours General Manager, in a paper read before the Imperial Motor Transport Conference in London in 1913. He drew attention to the fact that, in isolated districts with vast agricultural and mineral capabilities in many parts of the Union of South Africa, development was hampered by the lack of transportation.

Development

In an attempt to assist in solving the branch line problem, Major Frank Dutton, SAR Signal Engineer and the Motor Transport Superintendent, developed and took out several patents on a loco-tractor system. The aim was to replace or eliminate the steam locomotive on non-profitable branch lines since he considered the locomotive to be the main deciding factor on the questions of grades, curves and weight of rails, which governed the cost of construction.Patent: Dutton Light Railway System and Locomotive Therefor, US 1306051 A, Jun 10, 1919
/ref>Patent: Locomotive for light railways, US 1416625 A, May 16, 1922
/ref>Patent: Vehicle for Service on Roads and Rails, US 1561510 A, Nov 17, 1925
/ref>

Dutton argued that a rubber tyre in contact with a hard road would be better at transferring tractive power than a steel wheel on steel rail. He claimed that the tractive effort to be obtained by using rubber-tyred driving wheels running on roads was per long ton of adhesive weight, compared to the per long ton which could be obtained by using steel wheels running on rails. His proposed system would use railway trucks on rails, hauled by a rail-and-road-borne tractor which would be guided by a four-wheeled bogie on the rails, but with driving wheels fitted with solid rubber tyres which would run on well-prepared strips of road on each side of the rail track.

In 1917, General Manager Hoy authorised a trial of the system and a test circuit was laid on the veld at Canada Junction, from Johannesburg. The dog-bone test circuit was around, laid with light rails on steel sleepers and hook bolts. The track included tight curves of as low as radius and steep gradients of as much as 1 in 17 (5.88%).

The prototype loco-tractor was a modified Dennis tractor, powered by a four-cylinder petrol-paraffin engine, which was fitted with a removable bogie between the front wheels to lift them high enough to prevent ground contact. A ball pin on the bogie fitted into a socket under the front axle and the bogie could easily be removed or replaced by running the tractor up a pair of ramps placed on both sides of the track. The tractor's weight distribution was on the rail and on the rubber-tyred driving wheels.Stronach-Dutton Road-Rail - The Roadrail System of Traction
/ref>''Transport Problems in South Africa - The Dutton Loco-Tractor Advocated as a Solution.'' Article in ''The Commercial Motor'', 24 August 1920. p. 14.''Important Development Roadrail Transport''. Article in Commercial Motor, 26 September 1922. pp. 168-169.
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A drawing of the tractor in the patent document shows a number of refinements which were considered at the time but not actually fitted to the Dennis tractor prototype, such as a six-cylinder engine, steerable rear wheels for use when reversing on the rail and a power-operated screw-jacking system to raise the front road wheels to obviate the use of ramps.

Singlewood Branch

The experiments proved successful and authority was granted in 1923 to construct a narrow gauge branch line from Naboomspruit to Singlewood, built to Dutton's system, the low cost of construction being one of the motivating factors. The section to Crecy was completed on 15 April 1924 and the full line to Singlewood was opened on 22 September of that same year.''Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway'', Statement No. 19, p. 188, ref. no. 200954-13

Two tractors were used on this narrow gauge road-rail line, both steam-powered and both rebuilt by the Britannia Engineering Works of Johannesburg from Yorkshire Patent Steam Wagon Company steam tractors.
* No. RR973 was rebuilt to a road-rail tractor with a wheel arrangement similar to that of the prototype Dennis road-rail tractor, but fitted with jacks at the front to allow a separate bogie to be manoeuvred into position underneath the front axle without the need for ramps. Without the bogie, the vehicle could still be driven on ordinary roads and had the advantage of being able to be detached and run around the train without requiring special loops for that purpose.
* No. RR1155 underwent more drastic modification to turn it into a rail-only vehicle with a wheel arrangement. It had a bogie at either end with the single pair of driving wheels on a differential axle in the centre and was arranged for forward and reverse movement at all speeds. It was bi-directional, but could only be used on the rails. Since, on occasion, the vehicle had to be transported by road, its construction was such that it could be readily disassembled into more easily transportable units to be moved on road wheels to a workshop or for transfer of any other kind.

British Empire Exhibition

Major Dutton and General R.S. Stronach formed a company to promote the system. Under the name of Roadrails Limited, they exhibited and demonstrated the Stronach-Dutton system at the 1924-1925 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Park in north-west London, where it was presented as a solution to the transport problems which were experienced in several British Colonies. Lines built to the system had been introduced in England, Scotland, Spain, Morocco, South Africa and Uganda, and demonstrated (at least) in Australia and India, possibly also in Canada, Colombia and Palestine. All of the known installations were initiated before the Wembley exhibition.''The Stronach-Dutton Road-Rail Tractor 1925'', British Film Institute National Archive
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Several different tractors were demonstrated at Wembley, powered by either steam or petrol engines and mostly supplied by William Beardmore and Company, but not the Yorkshire type as used in South Africa. Although it was popular as a ride, it seems to have been a failure as a sales promotion and led to no known new installations. It did not reopen to the public for the 1925 season of the exhibition and Roadrails Limited closed down in 1927.

Termination

In South Africa, the system was also short-lived. The tractive effort per ton of axle load which was assumed by Dutton for the loco-tractor was found to be unduly optimistic, while that for rail traction was unduly pessimistic. The system of combined road-and-rail turned out to have the limitations of both and advantages of neither.

The Singlewood branch line itself seemed to be successful. As traffic grew, more motive power was needed and the Yorkshire tractors were joined by Class NG6 Lawley no. NG98. By 1927, it was joined by Lawley no. NG103, but by this time the loco-tractor system was already terminated. By 17 October 1927, the Singlewood branch was regauged to for regular steam locomotive working and by 11 June 1928 it was extended to Zebediela.Cash, R.G. (2015). ''The Stronach-Dutton Roadrail System of Traction.'' The Narrow Gauge, Autumn 2015. The Narrow Gauge Railway Society. pp. 30-31.''Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway'', Statement No. 19, p. 189, ref. no. 200954-13

Illustration

File:Dutton Road-Rail Tractor prototype no. RR1501 a.jpg, Power-paraffin fueled Dennis tractor, prior to modification to Dutton road-rail tractor no. R1501
File:Dutton Road-Rail Tractor prototype no. RR1501 d.jpg, Prototype no. R1501 being demonstrated to Sir William Hoy, seated next to the driver, at Canada Junction, August 1920
File:Dutton Road-Rail Tractor prototype no. RR1501 f.jpg, Prototype no. R1501 demonstrating shedding its bogie, Canada Junction, August 1920
File:Dutton's Road-Rail Tractor no. RR973.jpg, Road-Rail tractor no. RR973, rebuilt from a Yorkshire steam tractor, c. 1924
File:Dutton Road-Rail Tractor no. RR1155 c.jpg, Dutton bi-directional rail-only tractor no. RR1155, rebuilt from a Yorkshire steam tractor, in service with a water tank tender on the Singlewood branch, c. 1925

References

{{Locomotives of South Africa

2530
Frank Dutton locomotives
4-2-0 locomotives
4-2-4 locomotives
2A locomotives
2A2 locomotives
1923 in South Africa
Rail and road vehicle