Souter Lighthouse is a

lighthouse A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid, for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways. Lighthouses mar ...

located in the village of Whitburn, Tyne and Wear, England. (It was generally known as Souter Point Lighthouse when in service). Souter Point was the first lighthouse in the world to be actually designed and built specifically to use alternating electric current, the most advanced lighthouse technology of its day. The light was generated by a carbon arc lamp: first lit on 11 January 1871, it was described at the time as 'without doubt one of the most powerful lights in the world'. After being decommissioned by Trinity House (the national lighthouse authority) in 1988, Souter Lighthouse was acquired by the National Trust, who now manage it as a visitor attraction with

holiday let A vacation rental is the renting out of a furnished apartment, house, or professionally managed resort-condominium complex on a temporary basis to tourists as an alternative to a hotel. The term ''vacation rental'' is mainly used in the US. Other ...

Location

The lighthouse is located on Lizard Point, but takes its name from Souter Point, which is located a mile to the south. This was the intended site for the lighthouse, but it was felt that Lizard Point offered better visibility, as the cliffs there are higher, so the lighthouse was built there instead. The Souter Lighthouse name was retained in order to avoid confusion with the then recently built

Lizard Lighthouse The Lizard Lighthouse is a lighthouse at Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, built to guide vessels passing through the English Channel. It was often the welcoming beacon to persons returning to England, where on a clear night, the reflected lig ...

in Cornwall. Souter Lighthouse is approximately three miles south of the mouth of the

River Tyne The River Tyne is a river in North East England. Its length (excluding tributaries) is . It is formed by the North Tyne and the South Tyne, which converge at Warden Rock near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed 'The Meeting of the Wate ...

. Some four miles or so to the north of the mouth of the Tyne is a sister Victorian lighthouse,

St Mary's Lighthouse St Mary's Lighthouse is on the tiny St Mary's (or Bait) Island, just north of Whitley Bay on the coast of North East England. The small rocky tidal island is linked to the mainland by a short concrete causeway which is submerged at high tide. ...

, on St Mary's Island. It has also been decommissioned, and is open to visitors. St Mary's Lighthouse can be seen with the naked eye from the top of Souter Lighthouse.

History

The lighthouse was a much-needed aid to navigation due to the number of wrecks on the dangerous reefs of Whitburn Steel which lay directly under the water in the surrounding area. In one year alone – 1860 – there were 20 shipwrecks. This contributed to making this coastline the most dangerous in the country, with an average of around 44 shipwrecks per every mile of coastline.

19th century

Construction

The lighthouse and associated buildings were designed for Trinity House by their Chief Engineer, James Douglass; its construction was supervised by on-site engineer Henry Norris. Alongside the lighthouse tower a number of other buildings were laid out around a quadrangle, including the engine room and boiler house, and five dwellings; all were built of rubble masonry, rendered with Portland cement. The contract for building the lighthouse and keepers' cottages was reported in March 1869 as being £8,000 and was awarded to the local firm of James Todd, after complaints that local builders had not had the opportunity to reply to tender as it had not been advertised locally. The foundation stone was ceremonially laid by Admiral Collinson's sister on 9 June 1869. Building works were completed in 1870, and the lighthouse entered service in January the following year. After completing this project Douglass and Norris moved on to the building of Hartland Point Lighthouse in Devon.

Electricity

Carbon arc lights for lighthouses were pioneered by Professor Frederick Hale Holmes, with experiments carried out in 1857–60 at Blackwall and at South Foreland Lighthouse (as described in a lecture by Michael Faraday at the

Royal Institution The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, inc ...

). An initial installation at

Dungeness Lighthouse Dungeness Lighthouse on the Dungeness Headland started operation on 20 November 1961. Its construction was prompted by the building of Dungeness nuclear power station, which obscured the light of its predecessor (dating from 1904) which, thoug ...

in 1862 had proved problematic, however, with frequent failures of the lamps and machinery; so Trinity House carried out an extensive testing and selection process over five years (including comparisons with oil lights and examination of equipment in Britain and France) before finalising its plans for a complete purpose-built electric installation at Souter. Souter Lighthouse generator

The carbon arc lamp at Souter was placed within a lens array consisting of a third-order fixed catadioptric optic surrounded by a revolving assembly of eight vertical condensing-prisms which produced one bright flash every thirty seconds. Its 800,000

candle power Candlepower (abbreviated as cp or CP) is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size and constituents. The historical candlepower is equal to 0.981 ...

light could be seen for up to 26 miles. The optics were designed and built by James Chance in 1870. In addition to the main light a red/white sector light shone from a window in the tower below the lantern, to highlight hazards to the south in Sunderland Bay (namely Hendon Rock and the White Stones); it was powered using light diverted (through a set of mirrors and lenses) from the landward side of the main arc lamp. Electricity for the light was provided by two of Holmes' own magneto electric generators for which he took out a series of patents during those years. In normal operation only one generator was used, but in conditions of poor visibility both were connected to the lamp to provide a brighter light. The generators were driven by one of a pair of J. Whitworth & co. 5 nhp ' Allen' condensing steam engines. (Prior to being installed at Souter, the engines and generators were exhibited by Trinity House at the

Paris Exposition of 1867 The International Exposition of 1867 (french: Exposition universelle 'art et d'industriede 1867), was the second world's fair to be held in Paris, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a dec ...

.) The engines were worked alternately: one week on, one week off. Located in the engine-house, they also drove an air-pump to feed the pressure tank of a foghorn. In December 1891 the lighthouse tower was painted with a broad red band, to make it more conspicuous during the day.

Foghorn

Holmes also designed a reed

fog signal A foghorn or fog signal is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of navigational hazards such as rocky coastlines, or boats of the presence of other vessels, in foggy conditions. The term is most often used in relation to marine transport. Wh ...

for the new lighthouse, sounded from a separate foghorn house (east of the tower) through a pair of vertical trumpets (angled north-east and south-east, facing out to sea). It sounded one blast every 45 seconds. Compressed air for the foghorn was piped underground from the engine room, on the other side of the lighthouse, where the air compressor was driven by a common drive shaft from the engines powering the magnetos. A more powerful siren fog signal replaced the reeds in February 1879; it sounded one blast every minute. It required an additional and more powerful engine, which was installed in the engine room to drive the compressor for the new signal.

Charts and engineering (1875)

ELLIOT(1875) p163 - Plate XV. Souter Point, east elevation.jpg, East Elevation ELLIOT(1875) p155 - Plate XII. Souter Point, general plan.jpg, Site plan ELLIOT(1875) p157 - Plate XIII. Souter point, ground plan.jpg, Ground plan ELLIOT(1875) p151- Plate XI. Souter Point, plan of machine-room.jpg, Machine room ELLIOT(1875) p161 - Plate XIV. Souter Point, section of lantern, lens, and low light-room.jpg, Light room ELLIOT(1875) p154 Fig.11 - Lens and lanterns, Sonter Point.jpg, Lens and Lanterns ELLIOT(1875) p145 - Plate IX. Souter Point, chart of vicinity.jpg, Chart of vicinity (1875)

20th century

Conversion to oil

In 1914 the pioneering electric light at Souter was replaced with the latest type of incandescent oil lamps (i.e. paraffin vapour burners). At the same time Chance Brothers provided a new, much larger lens system: a bi-form first-order catadioptric revolving optic (a bi-form lens is double-height, containing two lamps, one above the other). At the same time a new lantern was provided, to accommodate the taller optic. Red shades were placed around the lamps, within the lenses, so that the light now flashed red, once every 5 seconds. The 1914 optic remains ''in situ'' in the tower; it weighs 4.5 tonnes and floats on 1.5 tonnes of

mercury Mercury commonly refers to: * Mercury (planet), the nearest planet to the Sun * Mercury (element), a metallic chemical element with the symbol Hg * Mercury (mythology), a Roman god Mercury or The Mercury may also refer to: Companies * Merc ...

. A separate lamp was used for the fixed red/white sector light, which continued to shine from its window lower down in the tower. Having removed the two Holmes magneto-electric machines from the engine room, the Corporation of Trinity House presented one to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1915; it is now on display at the

Science Museum, London The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London. It was founded in 1857 and is one of the city's major tourist attractions, attracting 3.3 million visitors annually in 2019. Like other publicly funded ...

. The fog signal was improved in 1919 when a more powerful siren was installed, sounded through a pair of Rayleigh trumpets. (These replaced the twin Holmes trumpets formerly employed; the foghorn house was remodelled at the seaward corners to accommodate them). The siren gave a 4-second blast every minute. Hornsby oil engines were installed to drive the compressors for the new siren.

Reversion to electricity

In 1952 the lighthouse was again converted to run on electric power (this time using

incandescent lamps An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidat ...

, powered by mains electricity). The 4,500W bulbs used for the main light were the largest in the Trinity House service. Should the electricity supply fail, a diesel generator would be engaged (and in the event that it too were to fail, an additional emergency battery lamp would be engaged). The mechanism which turned the lenses continued to be driven by clockwork at this time, until 1983 when it was replaced by a pair of electric motors. Souterhouse Fog Horn - geograph

The fog signal was upgraded in 1953: a Stone Chance diaphone signal was installed and a pair of exponential horns replaced the Rayleigh Trumpets on top of the foghorn building. At the same time the engine room was provided with two new Reavell compressor sets, one driven by an electric motor, the other by a diesel engine. The diaphone produced a five-second blast every 30 seconds in poor weather, and remained in use up until 1988, when the lighthouse was decommissioned.

Decommissioning

Souter Lighthouse was decommissioned by Trinity House in 1988, but continued to serve as a radio navigation beacon up until 1999 when it was finally closed.

Present day

As Souter was never automated, it remains much in its original operational state except for updates during its lifespan to its lantern and electrical apparatus. Today the decommissioned Souter lighthouse is owned by the National Trust and open to the public; the engine room, light tower and keeper's living quarters are all on view. There is also an outdoor play area, Trusty Club and indoor activities to accommodate young visitors. Two of the former lighthouse keepers' cottages are used as National Trust holiday cottages. The lamps, lenses and foghorn remain in working order and are still activated from time to time 'on special occasions'. The lighthouse is said to be haunted, and has even featured on British TV's '' Most Haunted'' ghost-hunting programme.

Gallery

Souter Lighthouse - geograph.org.uk - 1774910.jpg, The lighthouse viewed from the south-east. Souter Lighthouse Engine Room 3.jpg, Diesel compressor and standby generator in the Engine Room. Souter Lighthouse Engine Room.jpg, Electric compressor and air tanks for the foghorn in the Engine Room. Souter Lighthouse incandescent oil burner.jpg, An incandescent oil burner: these replaced the arc lamps in 1914. Souter Lighthouse lamp cupboard.jpg, Some of the electric lamps used at Souter from 1952. Souter Lighthouse battery room.jpg, The emergency battery room. Souter Lighthouse radio beacon and weight tube.jpg, Radiobeacon equipment at the base of the tower.

References

External links

Souter Lighthouse information at the National TrustNational Trust Collections - Highlights from Souter Lighthouse, Tyne & Wear (Accredited Museum)
{{authority control Lighthouses completed in 1871 Buildings and structures in South Shields Lighthouses in Tyne and Wear National Trust properties in Tyne and Wear Tourist attractions in Tyne and Wear Museums in Tyne and Wear Lighthouse museums in England Reportedly haunted locations in North East England Grade II* listed lighthouses Grade II* listed buildings in Tyne and Wear