Souletin or Zuberoan ( eu, Zuberera) is the
Basque dialect
Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque. Between six and nine Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
*Biscayan ...
spoken in
Soule
Soule (Basque language, Basque: Zuberoa; Zuberoan/ Soule Basque: Xiberoa or Xiberua; Occitan language, Occitan: ''Sola'') is a former viscounty and France, French Provinces of France, province and part of the present-day Pyrénées-Atlantiques ...
,
France. Souletin is marked by influences from
Occitan (in particular the
Béarnese dialect), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: → (s/he came → s/he came to you).
Name
In
English sources, the Basque-based term ''Zuberoan'' is sometimes encountered. In
Standard Basque
Standard Basque ( eu, euskara batua or simply ''batua'') is a standardised version of the Basque language, developed by the Basque Language Academy in the late 1960s, which nowadays is the most widely and commonly spoken Basque-language version ...
, the dialect is known as (the province name and the language-forming
suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns, adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry ...
). Various local forms are , and .
In French, it is known as .
In
Spanish, the dialect is called or .
Distribution
The southern dialect
Roncalese
Roncalese (in Basque: ''erronkariera'', in Roncalese dialect: ''Erronkariko uskara'') is an extinct Basque dialect once spoken in the Roncal Valley in Navarre, Spain. It is a subdialect of Eastern Navarrese in the classification of Koldo Zua ...
was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central
Pyrenees, as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples ( in the
Royal Frankish Annals).
Phonology
In addition to the five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a
close front rounded vowel (written ), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized ( is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic.
It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque.
Souletin features the voiceless aspirated stops , which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The
alveolar tap present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin. The voiced fricatives are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme (written as ) corresponds to in other varieties. The
voiceless nasal glottal approximant
The voiceless nasal glottal approximant is a type of consonantal sound, a nasal approximant, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , that is, an ''h'' with a tilde.
Occurre ...
is found exclusively in intervocalic position, and triggers the nasalization of the adjoining vowels.
Example
This example of the "Orreaga"
[Campion, A (1971)]
''Orreaga. Balada escrita en el dialecto guipuzcoano, acompañada de versiones a los dialectos bizcaino, labortano y suletino y de diez y ocho variedades dialectales de la region bascongada de Nabarra desde Olazagutia hasta Roncal''
Separated edition of the La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, pg 33. ballad composed by
Arturo Campion Arturo is a Spanish and Italian variant of the name Arthur.
People
*Arturo Álvarez (footballer, born 1985), American-born Salvadoran footballer
* Arturo Álvarez (footballer, born 1959), Mexican footballer
*Arthuro Henrique Bernhardt (b. 1982), Br ...
shows some differences between this dialect and the
standard Basque
Standard Basque ( eu, euskara batua or simply ''batua'') is a standardised version of the Basque language, developed by the Basque Language Academy in the late 1960s, which nowadays is the most widely and commonly spoken Basque-language version ...
(Euskara batua).
See also
*
Basque dialects
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
*
{{refend
Basque dialects
Soule