Song Jiang

Song Jiang was a Chinese historical figure who led an armed rebellion against the ruling Song Dynasty in the early 12th century. His band marauded over a region straddling the present-day Chinese provinces of Shandong and Henan. They eventually surrendered to the Imperial Court. The historical Song Jiang was turned into a fictional character in ''Water Margin,'' which became one of the four famous Classic Chinese Novels. He is the central figure in the book, leading the 108 Heroes who gather as bandits in Shandong's Liangshan Marsh.

Life

Song Jiang is mentioned in the '' History of Song'', the most authoritative of records on the history of the Song dynasty. His name appears in the portion relating to Emperor Huizong (), which says:

Another account, from the portion relating to Zhang Shuye in the ''History of Song'', records the following:

In ''Water Margin''

The fictional Song Jiang in ''Water Margin'' is based on the historical character as well as folktales that had been circulating in the Shandong region. One tale, for example, is about "36 huge banners and 72 smaller banners of local bandits", which might be whom the 108 Stars of Destiny in ''Water Margin'' were based on''.''

Background

In ''Water Margin'', Song Jiang is depicted as short, swarthy and having a big squarish mouth and eyes like those of a fenghuang. He lives and works in Yuncheng County, where he serves as a clerk of the magistrate. He is nicknamed "Timely Rain" because he is generous and helpful, often assisting heroes in difficulties as well as the indigent. As he is known to be filial, he is also called "Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son" and "Dark Song Jiang", with "dark" referring to his complexion. After all the 108 Stars of Destiny come together at Liangshan, he goes by another nickname, "Protector of Justice", to advertise his mission in life. He is trained in both scholarly and martial arts, but he is apparently great in fighting. He has a younger brother named Song Qing.

Song Jiang is a close friend of Yuncheng's chief constables Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, as well as Chao Gai, the headman of Yuncheng's Dongxi Village. After Chao, in conjunction with seven other men, hijacked valuables being escorted as birthday gifts to the Grand Tutor Cai Jing in the imperial capital Dongjing, the government of Jizhou is under pressure to solve the case as Yellow Mud Ridge, the site where the robbery took place, is within his jurisdiction. He Tao, the chief constable of Jizhou, is tasked with tracking down the robbers. Song runs into He outside the magistrate office of Yuncheng, who tells him he has identified Chao Gai as the mastermind of the heist. Upon hearing this, Song excuses himself and rushes to Dongxi Village to warn Chao of his impending arrest. The robbers thus manage to pack up in time and escape. They seek refuge in the outlaw stronghold at Liangshan Marsh. But Wang Lun, the chief of Liangshan, does not welcome them. Chao is elected in his place after Lin Chong killed Wang.

Killing Yan Poxi

Meanwhile, Song Jiang has taken Yan Poxi as his mistress at her mother's insistence as a way to repay him for paying for her father's funeral. They get along without problem initially. However, Yan Poxi soon dislikes Song Jiang, who has no fancy for women, after knowing Zhang Wenyuan, Song's clerical assistant, and has an affair with him.

To convey his gratitude, Chao Gai sends Liu Tang to deliver one hundred pieces of gold each to Song Jiang and Zhu Tong, who has also aided his escape. Liu also brings along a letter from Chao for Song. Song is shocked to find Liu greeting him on the street of Yuncheng one night. He refuses to take all the gold, accepting only one piece as a token. That night he is forced to go to sleep with Yan Poxi by Yan's mother. Yan discovers Chao's letter, which reveals Song's involvement with the outlaws of Liangshan. She threatens to report him to the authorities unless he meets three demands: divorce her and allow her to marry Zhang Wenyuan; let her keep all the things he has given her; and hand over all the gold pieces he has received from Chao. Song agrees to the first two but could not accede to the third as he has accepted only one gold piece. As Yan refuses to believe him and repeatedly threatens to expose him, Song becomes agitated and kills her with a dagger that he always carries in his bag. He flees to hide in a pit in the house of his father. Zhu Tong, who is sent to arrest him, locates him in the vault as Song has once told him about the hiding place. But Zhu lets him go. Song runs away from Yuncheng becoming a fugitive.

Battle of Qingfeng Fort

Song Jiang takes shelter in the residence of nobleman Chai Jin, where he meets Wu Song. He runs into Wu again, who has become an itinerant priest to hide his identity after killing several people for revenge, when he is staying at the Kong Family Manor at Mount White Tiger. Song next heads to the house of Hua Rong, garrison commandant of Qingfeng Fort (清風寨; in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong), invited by Hua. When he comes near to the fort, he is trapped and nearly killed by the three bandit chieftains of Mount Qingfeng (清風山) -- Yan Shun, Wang Ying and Zheng Tianshou. The trio treat him with respect upon learning he is Song Jiang as he is famous for his chivalry. Song prevents Wang Ying from raping a woman he has abducted and gets her released when he finds out she is the wife of Liu Gao, the governor of Qingfeng Fort and Hua Rong's superior.

On the Lantern Festival night, Song Jiang, who is then living in Hua Rong's house, goes outdoor to watch the celebrations. Liu Gao's wife spots him and lies to her husband that Song had abducted her at Mount Qingfeng and attempted to rape her. Believing his wife, Liu orders Song arrested. Hua Rong breaks into Liu's house and frees Song. As Song flees to Mount Qingfeng following Hua's advice he is waylaid and re-arrested by Liu's men. Meanwhile, Hua is seized in an ambush by Huang Xin, a military officer sent from Qingzhou prefecture, which oversees Qingfeng Fort. As Huang escorts Song and Hua back to Qingzhou, the convoy is intercepted by the bandits of Mount Qingfeng, who rescue the two prisoners. Liu is killed in the fight while Huang escapes. Qingzhou sends Qin Ming, a high-ranking military officer, to eliminate Mount Qingfeng. But Qin is caught in a trap and brought before Song. Although Qin is glad to meet Song, having heard much about him, he refuses to join the stronghold. As Qin spends the night at Mount Qingfeng, Song sends bandits led by a man disguised as Qin to pillage and raze a suburban settlement of Qingzhou. Murong Yanda, the governor of Qingzhou, falls for the ruse and executes Qin's family. That forces Qin to defect to Song's camp. As Qinghou is likely to send a bigger force to crack down on them, Song suggests the group go join the band at Liangshan. But he leaves the group on the way there as he runs into Shi Yong, who hands him a letter from Song Qing which falsely claims that their father has passed on.

Banished to Jiangzhou

Song Jiang returns to Yuncheng to mourn his father but find the latter alive. The old man has faked death to lure him back to prevent him from falling into bad company. Alerted to his return, Yuncheng's authorities arrest Song over the killing of Yan Poxi. Due to his past service at the magistrate office, Song is spared the death penalty. He is tattooed on the face and exiled to Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi).

On the way, Song Jiang and his two escorts come by Jieyang Ridge and are nearly slaughtered by the innkeeper Li Li to be made into minced meat after being drugged. He is saved by Li Jun, another of his admirers. Informed of Song's banishment to Jiangzhou, Li Jun has been waiting by the Xunyang River expecting to meet him. During the wait, he happens to come to Li Li's inn for refreshment. They revive Song after confirming his identity through the official document carried by the escorts. They treat him with hospitality before seeing him off to Jiangzhou.

At Jieyang Town, Song generously tips Xue Yong, a street performer of martial arts, seeing that not one spectator awards him. In doing that he offends the brothers Mu Hong and Mu Chun, who wield immense influence over the town. Because Xue, who is from out of town, has not gone to pay them respects, the Mus have ordered the townsfolk not to give him a cent. That night Song and his escorts happen to be offered lodging in the Mus' house by their kindly father. When Song discovers they are in danger, the three flee. Pursued by the Mus, they desperately board the boat of pirate Zhang Heng at Xunyang River. Midway across the river, Zhang wants to kill them and take their possessions. Song is again saved by Li Jun, who accidentally comes by in his boat. Zhang and the Mu brothers are shocked to learn that the man is Song Jiang. Song receives warm treatment from his new friends before proceeding on to Jiangzhou.

At Jiangzhou, Song Jiang meets the chief warden Dai Zong, who is a friend of Wu Yong, the chief strategist of Liangshan, and jailer Li Kui