Sondergericht

A ''Sondergericht'' (plural: ''Sondergerichte'') was a German "special court". After taking power in 1933, the Nazis quickly moved to remove internal opposition to the Nazi regime in Germany. The legal system became one of many tools for this aim and the Nazis gradually supplanted the normal justice system with political courts with wide-ranging powers. The function of the special courts was to intimidate the German public, but as they expanded their scope and took over roles previously done by ordinary courts such as '' Amtsgerichte'' this function became diluted.

Function in Germany

Special courts had existed in Germany as far back as the nineteenth century. They had generally been set up temporarily in response to some major but localised civil disturbance and then quickly dissolved once they had served their purpose. A more permanent national network of Special Courts came into being during 1933, soon after the passage of the Reichstag Fire Decree, which all but eliminated civil liberties. The scope of its power was successively augmented by the
*"Decree to Protect the Government of the National Socialist Revolution from Treacherous Attacks" (21 March 1933),
*the "Law of 20 December 1934 against insidious Attacks upon the State and Party and for the Protection of the Party Uniform",
*the "Law for the Guarantee of Peace Based on Law" of 13 October 1933
*and a number of extensions when World War II commenced.Andrew Szanajda (2007). ''The restoration of justice in postwar Hesse, 1945–1949'', pp. 24–25. Lexington Books.

The number of Special Courts increased from 26 in 1933 to 74 in 1942.

A special court had three judges, and the defense counsel was appointed by the court. Even as heavy-handed as justice was in Nazi Germany, defendants were afforded at least nominal protections under the regular courts' rules and procedures. These protections were swept away in the special courts, since they existed outside the ordinary judicial system. There was no possibility of appeal, and verdicts could be executed at once. The court decided the extent of evidence to consider, and "the defense attorneys couldn't question the proof of the charges".

Occupied Poland

The special courts played a major role in carrying out summary executions via judicial murder in Nazi occupied Poland. In December 1941, a special law was introduced by the Germans which allowed for the courts to sentence Poles and Jews to death for virtually anything.Chrzanowski, Bogdan in Chrzanowski et al. ''Polska Podziemna na Pomorzu'', Oskar, Gdansk, 2005, pg. 54 Terminology in the courts was full of statements such as "Polish subhumans" and "Polish rabble",Nikolaus Wachsmann, Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany, p.202-203 with some judges even declaring that Poles were to have lengthier sentences than Germans since they were racially inferior.

Other occupied territories

In countries under German military occupation, such as Norway, ''Sondergerichte'' were also set up. Special penal codes were set up, e.g. the ''Polensonderstrafrechtsverordnung'' (Poland Special Criminal Law Regulation).

Germany (1934–1945)

The People's Court (''Volksgerichtshof'') was created in April 1934 for dealing with cases of treason or attacks on national or regional government members.

The reason the court was created was dissatisfaction with the fact that most of the Communists that had been charged with burning down the Reichstag were acquitted. The function of this court was just as that of the special courts, to suppress opposition to the regime.

The workload was divided between the People's Courts and the Special Courts in such a way that the former took the most important cases, while the latter dealt with a wider array of "crimes" of opposition to the Nazis.

Bavaria (1918–1924)

The People's Courts of Bavaria (') were special courts established by Kurt Eisner during the German Revolution in November 1918 and part of the ''Ordnungszelle'' that lasted until May 1924 after handing out more than 31,000 sentences. It was composed of two judges and three lay judges. One of its most notable trials was that of the Beer Hall Putsch conspirators, including Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff, Wilhelm Frick, Friedrich Weber, and Ernst Röhm.

Effect

Between 1933 and 1945, 12,000 Germans were executed on the orders of the Sondergerichte set up by the Nazi regime.

Especially during the first years of their existence they "had a strong deterrent effect" against opposition to the Nazis; the German public was intimidated through "arbitrary psychological terror".Andrew Szanajda "The restoration of justice in postwar Hesse, 1945–1949" p.25 "In practice, it signified intimidating the public through arbitrary psychological terror, operating like the courts of the Inquisition." "The Sondergerichte had a strong deterrent effect during the first years of their operation, since their rapid and severe sentencing was feared."

Prominent defendants

*Martin Niemöller
*Rupert Mayer
*Artur Dinter
*Paul Ogorzow

See also

*Nacht und Nebel

References

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External links

Government of Nazi Germany
Judiciary of Germany
German resistance to Nazism
Law in Nazi Germany
Nazi terminology
Political repression in Nazi Germany
Defunct courts
Courts and tribunals established in 1933
Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1945