Bombus cryptarum - Solidago virgaurea - Keila

''Solidago virgaurea'', the European goldenrod or woundwort, is an

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across most of Europe as well as North Africa and northern, central, and southwestern Asia (China, Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc.).Flora of China, ''Solidago dahurica'' (Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk, 1959. 兴安一枝黄花 xing an yi zhi huang hua
/ref> It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer. ''Solidago virgaurea'' is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground

caudex A caudex (plural: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.pages 456 and 695 In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is m ...

and a woody

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow

flower heads A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower"; ) is an inflorescence that resembles a flower. The word is sometimes used for other structures that are neither a true flower nor a true inflorescence. Examples of pseudanthia include flower heads, compos ...

at the top of the stem. ;Subspecies and varietiesThe Plant List, ''Solidago virgaurea'' L.
/ref> *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''alpestris'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''armena'' (Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''asiatica'' Kitam. ex Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''calcicola'' Fernald *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''dahurica'' (Kitag.) Kitag. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''gigantea'' (Nakai) Kitam. *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''insularis'' (Kitam.) Hara *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''jailarum'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''lapponica'' (With.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''macrorrhiza'' (Lange) Nyman *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''minuta'' (L.) Arcang. *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''stenophylla'' (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''talyschensis'' (Tzvelev) Sennikov *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''taurica'' (Juz.) Tzvelev *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''turfosa'' (Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter *''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''virgaurea'' *''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''virgaurea''

Medicinal uses

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ''Solidago virgaurea'' was used in Europe to heal wounds. Its astringent, diuretic, antiseptic and other properties are well known. In various assessments by the European Medicines Agency with respect to ''Solidago virgaurea'', non-clinical data shows diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, as no single ingredient is responsible for these effects, the whole herbal preparation of ''Solidago'' inflorescences must be considered as the active ingredient. Further, the relevance of those effects found ''in vitro'' could not be confirmed by clinical studies.European Medicines Agency, ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L., HERBA, European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 4 September 200
Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007
/ref>

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q599435 Flora of North Africa Flora of Asia Flora of Europe Plants described in 1753 virgaurea Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus