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A slurry is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a
centrifugal pump Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. They are a sub-class of dynamic ...
. The size of solid particles may vary from 1
micrometre The micrometre ( international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Unit ...
up to hundreds of
millimetres 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the metre and its derived scales. The microwave is between 1 meter to 1 millimeter. The millimetre (American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, ...
. The particles may settle below a certain transport velocity and the mixture can behave like a Newtonian or
non-Newtonian A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e., constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for exa ...
fluid. Depending on the mixture, the slurry may be abrasive and/or corrosive.


Examples

Examples of slurries include: *Cement slurry, a mixture of
cement A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate) together. Cement mix ...
, water, and assorted dry and liquid additives used in the
petroleum Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name ''petroleum'' covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crud ...
and other industries *Soil/cement slurry, also called Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM), flowable fill, controlled density fill, flowable mortar, plastic soil-cement, K-Krete, and other names *A mixture of
thickening agent A thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties. Edible thickeners are commonly used to thicken sauces, soups, and puddings without altering the ...
, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive *A mixture of
pyroclastic Pyroclastic rocks (derived from the el, πῦρ, links=no, meaning fire; and , meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroc ...
material, rocky debris, and water produced in a
volcanic eruption Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists. These are often ...
and known as a
lahar A lahar (, from jv, ꦮ꧀ꦭꦲꦂ) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars are extreme ...
*A mixture of
bentonite Bentonite () is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite. Na-montmorillonite has a considerably greater swelling capacity than Ca-mon ...
and water used to make
slurry wall A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surro ...
s *
Coal slurry Coal slurry is a mixture of solids (mined coal or coal waste) and liquids (water or organic) produced by a coal preparation plant. Preparation To transform the coal ash into a slurry, coal is separated from non-combustible components and can be ...
, a mixture of coal waste and water, or crushed coal and water *
Slip Slip or SLIP may refer to: Science and technology Biology * Slip (fish), also known as Black Sole * Slip (horticulture), a small cutting of a plant as a specimen or for grafting * Muscle slip, a branching of a muscle, in anatomy Computing and ...
, a mixture of
clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...
and water used for joining, glazing and decoration of ceramics and pottery. *
Slurry oil A slurry is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a centrifugal pu ...
, the highest boiling fraction distilled from the effluent of an
FCC unit The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction ...
in an
oil refinery An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into useful products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, lique ...
. It contains a large amount of catalyst, in form of sediments hence the denomination of slurry. *A mixture of wood pulp and water used to make
paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed ...
*Manure slurry, a mixture of animal waste, organic matter, and sometimes water often known simply as "slurry" in
agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating Plant, plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of Sedentism, sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of Domestication, domesticated species created food ...
use, used as
fertilizer A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from ...
after aging in a
slurry pit A slurry pit, also known as a farm slurry pit, slurry tank, slurry lagoon or slurry store, is a hole, dam, or circular concrete structure where farmers gather all their animal waste together with other unusable organic matter, such as hay and wa ...
*
Meat slurry A reconstituted meat, meat slurry, or emulsified meat is a liquefied meat product that contains fewer fats, pigments and less myoglobin than unprocessed dark meats. Meat slurry is more malleable than dark meats and eases the process of meat distr ...
, a mixture of finely ground meat and water, centrifugally dewatered and used as a food ingredient. *An abrasive substance used in
chemical-mechanical polishing Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) or planarization is a process of smoothing surfaces with the combination of chemical and mechanical forces. It can be thought of as a hybrid of chemical etching and free abrasive polishing. Description The pro ...
*
Slurry ice Slurry ice is a phase changing refrigerant made up of millions of ice "micro-crystals" (typically 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter) formed and suspended within a solution of water and a freezing point depressant. Some compounds used in the field are sa ...
, a mixture of ice crystals, freezing point depressant, and water *A mixture of raw materials and water involved in the
rawmill A raw mill is the equipment used to grind raw materials into "rawmix" during the manufacture of cement. Rawmix is then fed to a cement kiln, which transforms it into clinker (cement), clinker, which is then ground to make cement in the cement mill ...
manufacture of
Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the early 19th c ...
*A bolus of chewed food mixed with
saliva Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be ...
*A mixture of epoxy glue and
glass microsphere Glass microspheres are microscopic spheres of glass manufactured for a wide variety of uses in research, medicine, consumer goods and various industries. Glass microspheres are usually between 1 and 1000 micrometers in diameter, although the sizes ...
s used as a filler compound around core materials in
sandwich-structured composite A sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin but stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength material, but its higher thickness provid ...
airframes.


Calculations


Determining solids fraction

To determine the percent solids (or solids fraction) of a slurry from the density of the slurry, solids and liquidWills, B.A. and Napier-Munn, T.J, ''Wills' Mineral Processing Technology: an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery, '', Seventh Edition (2006), Elsevier, Great Britain :\phi_=\frac where :\phi_ is the solids fraction of the slurry (state by mass) :\rho_ is the solids density :\rho_ is the slurry density :\rho_ is the liquid density In aqueous slurries, as is common in mineral processing, the specific gravity of the species is typically used, and since
specific gravity Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water (molecule), wa ...
of water is taken to be 1, this relation is typically written: :\phi_=\frac even though specific gravity with units tonnes/m3 (t/m3) is used instead of the SI density unit, kg/m3.


Liquid mass from mass fraction of solids

To determine the mass of liquid in a sample given the mass of solids and the mass fraction: By definition :\phi_=\frac therefore :M_=\frac and :M_+M_=\frac then :M_=\frac-M_ and therefore :M_=\fracM_ where :\phi_ is the solids fraction of the slurry :M_ is the mass or mass flow of solids in the sample or stream :M_ is the mass or mass flow of slurry in the sample or stream :M_ is the mass or mass flow of liquid in the sample or stream


Volumetric fraction from mass fraction

:\phi_=\frac Equivalently :\phi_=\frac and in a minerals processing context where the specific gravity of the liquid (water) is taken to be one: :\phi_=\frac So :\phi_=\frac and :\phi_=\frac Then combining with the first equation: :\phi_=\frac So :\phi_=\frac Then since :\phi_=\frac=1-\frac we conclude that :\phi_=\frac where :\phi_ is the solids fraction of the slurry on a ''volumetric'' basis :\phi_ is the solids fraction of the slurry on a ''mass'' basis :M_ is the mass or mass flow of solids in the sample or stream :M_ is the mass or mass flow of slurry in the sample or stream :M_ is the mass or mass flow of liquid in the sample or stream :SG_ is the bulk specific gravity of the solids


See also

* Grout *
Slurry pipeline A slurry pipeline is a specially engineered pipeline used to move ores, such as coal or iron, or mining waste, called tailings, over long distances. A mixture of the ore concentrate and water, called slurry, is pumped to its destination and the w ...
* Slurry transport *
Slurry wall A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surro ...


References


External links

*Bonapace, A.C
A General Theory of the Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Full Suspension
* *Ming, G., Ruixiang, L., Fusheng, N., Liqun, X. (2007)
Hydraulic Transport of Coarse Gravel—A Laboratory Investigation Into Flow Resistance.
{{Authority control Environmental engineering Materials