![USA Map Showing Slovenian Population by State](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/USA_Map_Showing_Slovenian_Population_by_State.png)
Slovene Americans or Slovenian Americans are
Americans
Americans are the Citizenship of the United States, citizens and United States nationality law, nationals of the United States, United States of America.; ; Although direct citizens and nationals make up the majority of Americans, many Multi ...
of full or partial
Slovene or Slovenian ancestry. Slovenes mostly immigrated to America during the
Slovene mass emigration period from the 1880s to
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
History
The first Slovenes in the United States were
Catholic missionary
Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, p ...
priests in the early 19th century.
[Roger Daniels, ''American Immigration: A Student Companion'' (Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 247–248.] Two of the earliest such missionaries were Anton Kappus and
Frederic Baraga. Many of these early immigrants were bilingual
Slovene-
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
speakers.
The peak of emigration from what is now Slovenia was between 1860 and 1914; during this period, between 170,000 and 300,000 left areas that are now part of Slovenia. By 1880 there were around 1,000 Slovene Americans, many of whom worked in the Upper Midwest as miners; within 30 years, about 30,000 to 40,000 Slovenian immigrants lived in the area of
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
, the center of Slovene American culture.
The early waves of migrants were predominantly single men, many of whom (over 36% in the period 1899–1924) returned home after earning money in the United States,
[Thaddeus C. Radzilowski & John Radzilowski, "East Europeans" in ''A Nation of Peoples: A Sourcebook on America's Multicultural Heritage'' (ed. Elliott Robert Barkan: Greenwood, 1999), p. 194.] mostly in unskilled labor.
Many stayed, however, and Slovene women followed in settling in the United States.
In 1914, Cleveland was the third most-populous Slovene city in the world, after
Trieste
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into provi ...
and
Ljubljana
Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center.
During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the ar ...
.
[Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj & Carole Rogel, ''The A to Z of Slovenia'' (Scarecrow Press, 2010), pp. 64–66.] Within Cleveland, Slovene Americans developed their own cultural and social institutions, including Slovene-owned groceries, bars, furniture stores, clothing shops, and other businesses; Catholic parishes and elementary schools; mutual aid and fraternal societies; and even a Slovene bank (established in
St. Clair, Cleveland in 2010).
By the 1930s, five out of 32 members of the
Cleveland City Council
Cleveland City Council is the legislative branch of government for the City of Cleveland, Ohio. Its chambers are located at Cleveland City Hall at 601 Lakeside Avenue, across the street from Public Auditorium in Downtown Cleveland. Cleveland Ci ...
were Slovene.
Most Slovene Americans living in Cleveland eventually moved to the city's suburbs, although cultural institutions within the city limits remain significant. The
Cleveland metropolitan area
The Cleveland metropolitan area, or Greater Cleveland as it is more commonly known, is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census results, the five-county ...
remains home to the largest population of Slovenians in the world outside of Slovenia.
Later Slovene arrivals migrated to the industrial cities or to mining towns in the
Upper Midwest
The Upper Midwest is a region in the northern portion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States. It is largely a sub-region of the Midwest. Although the exact boundaries are not uniformly agreed-upon, the region is defined as referring ...
,
Ohio
Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
and
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
. Two later periods of increased immigration to the United States were the years immediately after World War I (1919–1923) and World War II (1949–1956).
Slovene post–World War II migrants consisted primarily of political refugees fleeing
Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz ( sh-Cyrl, Јосип Броз, ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; sh-Cyrl, Тито, links=no, ), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman, serving in various positions from 1943 until his deat ...
's Communist regime in
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...
; this group of migrants was generally older and better educated than earlier waves of Slovene migrants.
Among Slovene immigrants, some were devoutly
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
, while others were secular and
anticlerical,
with some holding liberal or socialist views.
The division between the two groups was a prominent feature of Slovene-American communal life for much of the 20th century.
A minority of Slovene immigrants practiced the
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
faith.
Most Lutheran Slovenes lived in the
Prekmurje region, under Hungarian rather than Austrian rule; when members of this group immigrated to the United States, they maintained a distinct identity called ''Windish''.
The largest Windish settlement in the United States was in
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem is a city in Northampton and Lehigh Counties in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, Bethlehem had a total population of 75,781. Of this, 55,639 were in Northampton County and 19, ...
.
Demographics
Large concentrations
![DitD 96 (49642096127)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/DitD_96_%2849642096127%29.jpg)
*
Cleveland
Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
,
Ohio
Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
*
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...
,
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
*
Pueblo, Colorado
Pueblo () is a List of municipalities in Colorado#Home rule municipality, home rule municipality that is the county seat and the List of municipalities in Colorado, most populous municipality of Pueblo County, Colorado, Pueblo County, Colorado ...
*
Johnstown,
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
*
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
,
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...
*
Joliet,
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...
*
Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion ...
,
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...
*
Milwaukee
Milwaukee ( ), officially the City of Milwaukee, is both the most populous and most densely populated city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Milwaukee County. With a population of 577,222 at the 2020 census, Milwaukee is ...
,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...
*
Eveleth
Eveleth is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,718 at the 2010 census.
U.S. Highway 53 and State Highway 37 (MN 37) are two of the main routes in Eveleth.
Eveleth was the site of the conflict that resu ...
,
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
The Slovene population in the United States has been historically concentrated in the
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes ...
and
Northeastern United States
The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the Northeast, the East Coast, or the American Northeast, is a geographic region of the United States. It is located on the Atlantic coast of North America, with Canada to its north, the Southe ...
including Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; as well as Colorado. According to the 2000 census, the five states with the largest Slovene populations were:
*
Ohio
Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
– 59,683
*
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
– 19,006
*
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...
– 15,519
*
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
– 10,420
*
California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
– 9,489
These five states are followed, in descending order, by
Colorado
Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of t ...
,
Michigan
Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the ...
,
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
,
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
New York may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
,
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...
,
Washington
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered on ...
,
Kansas
Kansas () is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita. Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the ...
,
Maryland
Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...
,
West Virginia
West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the Bur ...
and
Utah
Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to it ...
, again according to the 2000 census. The state with the smallest Slovene American population is
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the Native Americans in the United States, indigenous Dakota people, Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north a ...
(107). There is no American state without Slovene descendants among its population.
Numbers
1910 census reported 183,431 persons of Slovene mother tongue living in the United States. By the time of the
1920 census, that figure had increased to 208,552. Following the enactment of restrictive immigration laws in the 1920s, the number of Slovenes immigrating to the United States declined. The
1990 census reported 124,437 Slovene-identifying people.
Slovene-American sources give higher estimates of the total number of Americans of Slovene descent, of up to 300,000,
or even (if persons with only one-quarter or one-eighth Slovene ancestry are counted) 500,000.
Fraternal, benevolent, social and cultural organizations
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Slovene Americans established a variety of social groups, including
fraternal organizations,
mutual insurance
A mutual insurance company is an insurance company owned entirely by its policyholders. Any profits earned by a mutual insurance company are either retained within the company or rebated to policyholders in the form of dividend distributions or re ...
, and self-help societies,
[Irene Portis-Winner, ''Semiotics of Peasants in Transition: Slovene Villagers and Their Ethnic Relatives in America'' (Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 109–111.] and cultural and educational institutions, such as choral and drama societies,
gymnastics
Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shou ...
groups, and Slovene-language newspapers.
The establishment of Slovene American insurance companies allowed immigrants to protect themselves against discrimination and fraud. A number of mergers and name changes took place during the 20th century, Some Slovene American fraternal, benevolent, social, and cultural organizations include:
* Jugoslovenska katoliška jednota (South Slavic Catholic Union), founded in Ely, MN in 1898, became
American Fraternal Union (AFU) in 1941.
* Kranjsko-slovenska katoliška jednota, (Carnolan Slovene Catholic Union) founded in Joliet in 1894, became the ''Ameriško-slovenska katoliška jednota'' or
American Slovenian Catholic Union
KSKJ, or ''Kranjsko slovenska katoliška jednota'' (" Carniolan Slovene Catholic Union"), is a Slovene fraternal organization in the United States, founded in 1894. It is headquartered in Joliet, Illinois. The English name of the society is the ...
(KSKJ).
* Slovenska narodna podporna jednota, founded in Chicago in 1904, became
Slovene National Benefit Society The Slovene National Benefit Society, known in Slovenian as Slovenska narodna podporna jednota, and by its Slovene initials S.N.P.J. is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene immigrants and their descendants in the United ...
(SNPJ).
* Zahodna slovanska veza, founded in 1908, became
Western Slavonic Association (WSA).
* Indianapolis Slovenian National Home, founded in 1918.
* Slovenska dobrodelna zveza (Slovenian Mutual Benefit Association), founded in Cleveland in 1910; became
American Mutual Life Association (AMLA) in 1966.
* Slovenski Narodni Dom (Slovenian National Home), Cleveland; founded in 1914.
* Progresivne Slovenke Amerike (
Progressive Slovene Women of America) (PSWA), founded in 1934.
* Slovenska ženska zveza Amerike, founded in Chicago in 1926, became
Slovenian Women's Union of America
Slovenian Women's Union of America (SWUA) is an wiktionary:ethnic, ethnic fraternal organization, fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovenes, Slovene immigrant women and their descendants in the United States. Founded in 1926 as Sloven ...
(SWUA), and now Slovenian Union of America (SUA).
* Slovenian Catholic Center, also known as Slovenian Cultural Center, Lemont, IL
* Slovenian Cultural Society Triglav, Norway, WI; founded in 1952.
* National Cleveland-style Polka Hall of Fame and Museum, Cleveland
* American Slovenian Club of Fairport Harbor, Fairport Harbor, OH
* Slovene Home for the Aged, Cleveland
* Slovenian Museum and Archives, Cleveland
* Slovenska Pristava, Harpersfield, OH; Slovenian Catholic recreation and retreat center
* Slovenian National Home, Chisholm, MN (closed)
For a longer discussion of the history of Slovene fraternalism in the United States, see the following article
Fraternal Benefit Societies and Slovene Immigrants in the USA
The Slovenian Genealogy Society, International helps members trace their Slovene roots.
Slovene churches and choirs in the United States
A total of 39 Slovene parishes were established in the United States.
The first Slovene
national parish
National parish is a type of Catholic parish distinguished by liturgical rites or nationality of the congregation; it is found within a diocese or particular Church, which includes other types of parishes in the same geographical area, each parish ...
with a Slovene priest was formed in 1891 in Chicago.
Four Slovene parishes were subsequently established on the east side of Cleveland:
St. Vitus's (''Sveti Vit'') (established 1893); St. Lawrence (established 1901); St. Mary of the Assumption (1905), and St. Christine's (1925).
St. Vitus's eventually grew to encompass a school and convent; a large new church in the
Lombard Romanesque
The term Lombard refers to people or things related to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy.
History and culture
* Lombards, a Germanic tribe
* Lombards of Sicily, a linguistic minority living in Sicily, southern Italy
* Lombard League, a me ...
style, was built in 1932.
St. Cyril Roman Catholic Church in the
East Village, Manhattan, was established in 1916 as a Slovene parish.
Holy Family Roman Catholic Church was established in 1908 in
Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City, abbreviated as "KCK", is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas, and the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is an inner suburb of the older and more populous Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. As of the ...
by immigrants from
Lower Carniola.
The Slovenian Chapel of Our Lady of Brezje, in the
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D.C., is the dedicated Slovenian National Marian Shrine, founded in 1971.
Multiple Slovene choruses have been formed, including The Singing Slovenes in
Duluth, Minnesota
, settlement_type = City
, nicknames = Twin Ports (with Superior), Zenith City
, motto =
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top: urban Duluth skyline; Minnesota ...
(founded in 1980), the Ely Slovenian Chorus in
Ely, Minnesota
Ely ( ) is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,268 at the 2020 census.
Located on the Vermilion iron range, Ely once had several iron ore mines. It is an entry point for campers and canoers into the Bou ...
(founded in 1969 by Mary Hutar, final performance in 2009); the Fantye na vasi (Boys from the Village) men's
a cappella
''A cappella'' (, also , ; ) music is a performance by a singer or a singing group without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. The term ''a cappella'' was originally intended to differentiate between Ren ...
choir in Cleveland (founded in 1977); and the
Zarja Singing Society, Cleveland (founded in 1916).
Slovene schools in the United States
* St. Vitus Child Slovenian Language School, Cleveland
* St. Mary Slovenian Language School, Cleveland
* Slomškova slovenska šola / Slomšek Slovenian School, Lemont, IL
* St. Stephen School,
St. Stephen, Minnesota
Saint Stephen is a city in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 851 at the 2010 census.
Saint Stephen is part of the Saint Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
St. Stephen was incorporated in 1914. The city c ...
, was a public school, but from the late 1880 to the 1950s was predominately Slovenian and only spoke Slovenian until the early 1920s.
Media
The first newspaper established by Slovene Americans was ''Ameriški Slovenec'' (American Slovene), which was published in Chicago beginning in 1891 and subsequently in Cleveland.
It originally had three versions: a Slovene-language edition, a standard English edition, and an English edition with Slovene
phonetic spelling
A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Natural languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographi ...
.
The newspaper continues today as a
weekly.
Between 1891 and the 1990s, more than a hundred other Slovene-language newspapers and publications were established in the United States; only a handful were in print for more than a few years.
The
University of Minnesota Libraries has catalogued some 45 Slovene-language newspapers published in the United States in a variety of locations, including Colorado, Milwaukee, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and New York.
Notable people
See also
*
Slovene Canadians
Slovene Canadians (, literally 'Canadian Slovenes') are Canadian citizens of Slovene descent or Slovenian-born people who reside in Canada.
Slovene Canadians by province and territory
Notable Slovene Canadians
* Alojzij Ambrožič, Catholic ...
*
Slovene Australians
*
Slovene Argentines
Argentines of Slovene descent, also Slovene Argentines or Argentine Slovenes ( sl, argentinski Slovenci) are the Slovenes residing in Argentina. According to Jernej Zupančič of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, they number around 30 ...
*
Slovenia–United States relations
References
Further reading
* Arnez, John A. ''Slovenian community in Bridgeport, Conn'' (New York: Studia Slovenica, 1971).
* Gobetz, Edward. "Slovenian Americans." ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 223–239
Online* Gobetz, Edward, and Adele Donchenko, eds. ''Anthology of Slovenian American Literature'' (Willoughby Hills, Ohio: Slovenian Research Center of America, 1977).
* Prisland, Marie. ''From Slovenia to America: Recollections and Collections'' (Milwaukee: Bruce, 1968).
External links
SNPJ Slovenian Heritage Center Museum in Pennsylvania
{{Authority control
European-American society
American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...