The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya).

Typology

Tone

Skou languages are unusual among Papuan languages for being tonal; all Skou languages possess contrastive tone. Vanimo, for example, has three tones, ''high, mid, low.'' Example minimal sets illustrating tonal contrasts in various Skou languages: * I’saka: ''ẽy''^H ‘louse’, ''wey''^L ‘butterfly’, ''wey''^LH ‘house’, ''wey''^HL ‘language’ * Barupu: ''e''^H ‘tooth’, ''e''^L ‘garden’, ''e''^HL ‘mosquito’, ''e''^HLH ‘write’ *

Wutung Wutung (Udung) and Sangke (Nyao) are a Skou language or pair of languages of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the villages of Wutung () and Sangke in Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural LLG of Sandaun Province. The two varieties are sometimes considered se ...

: ''ho''^H ‘roof thatch made from sago palm fronds’, ''ho''^L ‘star’, ''ho''^HL ‘grease’ * Skou: ''ta''^H ‘grass’, ''ta''^L ‘hair’, ''ta''^HL ‘arrow’

Lakes Plain languages The Lakes Plain languages are a family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea. They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants. Classification The Lakes Plain languages were tenta ...

, spoken in a discontiguous area to the southwest, are also tonal. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as ‘louse’, Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities, the

Keuw language Keuw (Keu, Kehu) is an unclassified language of New Guinea. Keuw is spoken in a swampy lowland region along the Poronai River in Keuw village (kampung) of Wapoga District, Nabire Regency, Papua province, Indonesia. According to oral folklore, ...

(currently classified as a language isolate) may also possibly share a deep relationship with the Lakes Plain languages. Like the Lakes Plain languages, Keuw also possesses constrative tone. Lepki, Kaure, and Kembra, spoken in mountainous inland regions of the Indonesia-PNG border to the southwest of the Skou-speaking area, are also tonal.

Morphology

Skou languages can be isolating or polysynthetic. *Isolating structure: Dumo, an Inner Skou language *Polysynthetic structure: Barupu, a Piore River language

Classification

Skou languages were first linked by G. Frederici in 1912. In 1941, K.H. Thomas expanded the family to its current extent. The Sko family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups.Wichmann, Søren. 2013
A classification of Papuan languages
In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313–386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. Donohue (2007) and Donohue and Crowther (2005) list

Nouri Nuri (also spelled Nouri, Noori, Nori or Noory, ar, نوري, ko, 누리, syr, ܢܘܪܝ) is a name which may refer to: Given name * Nuri Ja'far (1914 – 1991), Iraqi psychologist and philosopher of education * NOURI (artist) (born 1993), Ne ...

as a mixed language having features of both the Piore River and Serra Hills subgroups.

Sko (Laycock 1975)

Laycock posited two branches, Vanimo and Krisa: *Vanimo branch – Skou, Sangke (Nyao),

, Vanimo (Dumo) *Krisa branch – I’saka (Krisa), Rawo, Puari, Barupu (Warapu)

Skou (Ross 2005)

However, Krisa is poorly supported and Malcolm Ross abandoned it, * I’saka (Krisa) * Barupu (Warapu) * Puari * Rawo * Womo *Vanimo branch: Skou (Tumawo), Leitre, Sangke (Nyao),

, Vanimo (Dumo), Dusur

Macro-Skou (Donohue 2002)

Mark Donohue Mark Neary Donohue Jr. (March 18, 1937 – August 19, 1975), nicknamed "Captain Nice," and later "Dark Monohue," was an American race car driver and engineer known for his ability to set up his own race car as well as driving it to victories. D ...

proposed a subclassification based on areal diffusion he called ''Macro-Skou''. * Isaka *Skou–Serra–Piore

linkage Linkage may refer to: * ''Linkage'' (album), by J-pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 *Linkage (graph theory), the maximum min-degree of any of its subgraphs *Linkage (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse * Linkage (hierarchical cluster ...

**Piore River: Nori (strongly influenced by Womo), Barupu **Serra Hills *** Puare ***Rawo – Main Serra: Rawo, Womo ** Skou (Vanimo) family *** Skou ***Eastern Skou / Vanimo **** Leitre ****West Coast *****Border: Nyao,

*****Vanimo proper: Dumo, Dusur Donohue (2004) notes that is unclear if extinct

is in the Piore River or Serra Hills branch.

Sko (Foley 2018)

Foley (2018) provides the following classification. Foley's ''Inner Sko'' corresponds to Donohue's ''Western Skou''.

Miller (2017)

The ''

Piore River The Piore River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Piore Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 1994-01-06; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea *Piore River languages The Piore River or Lagoon ...

'' branch was renamed ''Lagoon'' in Miller (2017). The older names of the Piore River languages were from village names; Miller has since renamed them as Bauni, Uni, Bouni, and Bobe, though it is debatable whether they are all distinct languages. Lagoon (also ''

'') * Bauni (Poo and Barapu/Warapu villages) * Uni (Ramo village) * Bouni (Sumo village) * Bobe (Nouri village)

Usher (2020)

Usher groups the languages as follows, with each node being a reconstructable clade, and giving the family a geographic label rather than naming it after a single language. The Eastern languages are typologically quite distinct from the Western languages and I'saka.

Pronouns

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Skou are, : The Skou languages also have a

dual Dual or Duals may refer to: Paired/two things * Dual (mathematics), a notion of paired concepts that mirror one another ** Dual (category theory), a formalization of mathematical duality *** see more cases in :Duality theories * Dual (grammatical ...

, with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive we, but the forms are not reconstructable for the proto-language. Pronouns in individual Skou languages: :

Cognates

Sko family cognates ( I'saka, Barupu,

, Skou) listed by Foley (2018): : A cognate set for 'louse' in Sko languages (reconstructing roughly to *nipi in Proto-Sko) as compiled by Dryer (2022): :

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, ''Papers in New Guinea Linguistics'' No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. Voorhoeve, C.L. ''Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists''. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. More recent data from Marmion (2010) has been added for

and from Donohue (2002) (as cited in the

ASJP The Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP) is a collaborative project applying computational approaches to comparative linguistics using a database of word lists. The database is open access and consists of 40-item basic-vocabulary lists ...

Database) for Skou. :

References

* *

External links

Skou languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
{{language families Language families Northwest Papuan languages Languages of Sandaun Province