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A sitcom, a
portmanteau
A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of words[genre
Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other for ...](_blank)
of
comedy
Comedy is a genre of fiction that consists of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. The term o ...
centered on a fixed set of characters who mostly carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with
sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and
stand-up comedy, where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience. Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant
narrative
A narrative, story, or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional (memoir, biography, news report, documentary, travel literature, travelogue, etc.) or fictional (fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller (ge ...
forms.
A situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a
studio audience
A studio audience is an audience present for the recording of all or part of a television program or radio program. The primary purpose of the studio audience is to provide applause and/or laughter to the program's soundtrack (as opposed to canned ...
, depending on the program's production format. The effect of a live studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a
laugh track
A laugh track (or laughter track) is a separate soundtrack for a recorded comedy show containing the sound of audience laughter. In some productions, the laughter is a live audience response instead; in the United States, where it is most common ...
.
Critics disagree over the utility of the term "sitcom" in classifying shows that have come into existence since the turn of the century. Many contemporary American sitcoms use the
single-camera setup
The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as portable single camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production.
The single-camera setup originally developed during the birth of the classical Hollywood cinema i ...
and do not feature a laugh track, thus often resembling the
dramedy
Comedy drama, also known by the portmanteau ''dramedy'', is a genre of dramatic works that combines elements of comedy and drama. The modern, scripted-television examples tend to have more humorous bits than simple comic relief seen in a typical ...
shows of the 1980s and 1990s rather than the traditional sitcom.
History
The terms "situation comedy" or "sitcom" were not commonly used until the 1950s. There were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be ''
Pinwright's Progress
''Pinwright's Progress'' is a British television sitcom that aired on the BBC Television Service from 1946 to 1947 and was the world's first regular half-hour televised sitcom. The ten episodes, which aired fortnightly in alternation with '' Kal ...
'', ten episodes being broadcast on the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. In the United States, director and producer
William Asher
William Milton Asher (August 8, 1921 – July 16, 2012) was an American television and film producer, film director, and screenwriter. He was one of the most prolific early television directors, producing or directing over two dozen series.
Wit ...
has been credited with being the "man who invented the sitcom",
["William Asher – The Man Who Invented the Sitcom"]
''Palm Springs Life'' Dec. 1999 having directed over two dozen of the leading sitcoms, including ''
I Love Lucy
''I Love Lucy'' is an American television sitcom that originally aired on CBS from October 15, 1951, to May 6, 1957, with a total of 180 half-hour episodes, spanning six seasons. The show starred Lucille Ball, her husband, Desi Arnaz, along wit ...
'', from the 1950s through the 1970s.
By country
Australia
There have been few long-running
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
n-made sitcoms, but many US and UK sitcoms have been successful there. Sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is the national broadcaster of Australia. It is principally funded by direct grants from the Australian Government and is administered by a government-appointed board. The ABC is a publicly-own ...
(ABC); in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the
Seven Network
The Seven Network (commonly known as Channel Seven or simply Seven) is a major Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is owned by Seven West Media Limited, and is one of five main free-to-air television networks in Australia ...
. By 1986, UK comedies ''
Bless This House'' and ''
Are You Being Served?
''Are You Being Served?'' is a British sitcom created and written by executive producer David Croft (Croft also directed some episodes) and Jeremy Lloyd, with contributions from Michael Knowles and John Chapman, for the BBC. Set in London ...
'' had been repeated by
ABC Television ABC Television most commonly refers to:
*ABC Television Network of the American Broadcasting Company, United States, or
*ABC Television (Australian TV network), a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia
ABC Television or ABC ...
several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time.
[Collier, Shayne. Again and again and again. '']The Sydney Morning Herald
''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (''SMH'') is a daily compact newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and owned by Nine. Founded in 1831 as the ''Sydney Herald'', the ''Herald'' is the oldest continuously published newspaper ...
– The Guide'': 2 June 1986, p.1, 6
/ref>
In 1981, ''Daily at Dawn
''Daily at Dawn'' was an Australian sitcom that screened in 1981 on the Seven Network. The series was written and produced by Gary Reilly and Tony Sattler, the team behind other popular Australian comedy series such as ''Kingswood Country'', ...
'' was the first Australian comedy series to feature a regular gay character (Terry Bader as journalist Leslie).
In 1987, ''Mother and Son
''Mother and Son'' is an Australian television sitcom that was broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) from 16 January 1984 until 21 March 1994. The show stars Ruth Cracknell, Garry McDonald, Henri Szeps and Judy Morris. It ...
'' was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission
The Australian Human Rights Commission is the national human rights institution of Australia, established in 1986 as the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) and renamed in 2008. It is a statutory body funded by, but opera ...
.
In 2007, ''Kath & Kim
''Kath & Kim,'' (also written as ''Kath and Kim'') is an Australian sitcom created by Jane Turner and Gina Riley, who portray the title characters of Kath Day-Knight, a cheery, middle-aged suburban mother, and Kim, her self-indulgent daughter ...
''s first episode of series four attracted an Australian audience of 2.521 million nationally, the highest rating ever for a first episode in the history of Australian television, until the series premiere of '' Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities'' in 2009 with 2.58 million viewers.
In 2013, ''Please Like Me
''Please Like Me'' is an Australian television comedy-drama series created by and starring Josh Thomas. Thomas also serves as a writer for most episodes. The series premiered on 28 February 2013 on ABC2 in Australia and is now available on Ne ...
'' received an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris, was praised by critics and has garnered numerous awards and nominations.
Also in 2013, '' At Home With Julia'' was criticised by several social commentators as inappropriately disrespectful to the office of Prime Minister,
the show nevertheless proved very popular both with television audiences — becoming the most watched Australian scripted comedy series of 2011 — and with television critics. Nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) is a professional organisation of film and television practitioners in Australia. The Academy's aim is "to identify, award, promote, and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements i ...
Awards for Best Television Comedy Series.
Canada
Although there have been a number of notable exceptions, Canadian television networks have generally fared poorly with their sitcom offerings, with relatively few Canadian sitcoms attaining notable success in Canada or internationally.["Why do Canadian sitcoms suck?"]
'' canada.com'', March 21, 2014. Canadian television has had much greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy
Comedy drama, also known by the portmanteau ''dramedy'', is a genre of dramatic works that combines elements of comedy and drama. The modern, scripted-television examples tend to have more humorous bits than simple comic relief seen in a typical ...
series.
The popular show ''King of Kensington'' aired from 1975 to 1980, drawing an average of 1.5 to 1.8 million viewers weekly at its peak.
''Corner Gas
''Corner Gas'' is a Canadian television sitcom created by Brent Butt. The series ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009. Re-runs still air on CTV, CTV2, CTV Comedy Channel, Much, MTV, E! and are streaming on Crave and Amazon Prime. The seri ...
'', which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards.
Other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included ''Call Me Fitz
''Call Me Fitz'' is a Canadian television series produced by E1 Entertainment, Amaze Film & Television, and Big Motion Pictures. The half-hour comedy stars Jason Priestley as Richard "Fitz" Fitzpatrick, a morally bankrupt used-car salesman whose ...
'', ''Schitt's Creek
''Schitt's Creek'' (stylized as ''Schitt$ Creek'') is a Canadian television sitcom created by Dan Levy and his father, Eugene Levy, that aired on CBC Television from 2015 to 2020. It consists of 80 episodes spread over six seasons. Produced ...
'', ''Letterkenny
Letterkenny ( ga, Leitir Ceanainn , meaning 'hillside of the O'Cannons'), nicknamed 'the Cathedral Town', is the largest and most populous town in County Donegal, a county in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. Letterkenny lies on the R ...
'' and ''Kim's Convenience
''Kim's Convenience'' is a Canadian television sitcom that aired on CBC Television from October 2016 to April 2021. It depicts the Korean Canadian Kim family that runs a convenience store in the Moss Park neighbourhood of Toronto: parents "App ...
'', all of which have been winners of the Canadian Screen Award
The Canadian Screen Awards (french: link=no, Les prix Écrans canadiens) are awards given for artistic and technical merit in the film industry recognizing excellence in Canadian film, English-language television, and digital media ( web series ...
for Best Comedy Series.
India
Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television
The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of the Indian languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2016, the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay ...
in the 1980s, with serials like ''Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi
''Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi'' (literal meaning: 'Such is Life') is a sitcom that aired on DD National in 1984. It was written by comedy writer Sharad Joshi and directed by Kundan Shah, S. S. Oberoi and ''Raman Kumar''.
Plot
The episodes revolved aro ...
'' (1984) and ''Wagle Ki Duniya
''Wagle Ki Duniya'' () is an Indian sitcom that aired on DD National from 1988 to 1990. It was produced by Durga Khote, directed by Kundan Shah, and was based on characters created by noted cartoonist, R. K. Laxman, especially " the common man" ...
'' (1988) on the state-run Doordarshan channel. Gradually, as private channels were allowed, many more sitcoms followed in the 1990s, such as '' Dekh Bhai Dekh'' (1993), ''Zabaan Sambhalke
''Zabaan Sambhalke'' (transl. ''Watch Your Tongue'') is an Indian Hindi sitcom directed by Rajiv Mehra. It is the Indian version of the British sitcom ''Mind Your Language'' (1977).
The show ran for two seasons, first in 1993–1994 with 54 epi ...
'' (1993), ''Shrimaan Shrimati
''Shriman Shrimati'' is a 1982 Indian Hindi film produced by B. Nagi Reddy and directed by Vijay Reddy. The film stars Sanjeev Kumar, Raakhee, A. K. Hangal, Amol Palekar, Deepti Naval, Rakesh Roshan, Sarika, Lalita Pawar and Anjali Naidu. ...
'' (1995), ''Office Office
''Office Office'' is an Indian Hindi-language television sitcom that premiered on SAB TV on 3 September 2001. The show was a satirical take on the prevalent corruption in India. The series starred Pankaj Kapur in the role of Mussadilal.
Cast
* ...
'' (2001), Ramani Vs Ramani (2001), '' Amrutham'' (Telugu 2001–2007), ''Khichdi
''Khichdi'' or ''khichri'' (, , , , Odia: ଖେଚୁଡି) is a dish in South Asian cuisine made of rice and lentils ('' dal'') with numerous variations. Variations include ''bajra'' and mung ''dal'' ''khichri''. In Indian culture, in ...
'' (2002), ''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai
''Sarabhai vs Sarabhai'' is an Indian sitcom that ran on STAR One from 1 November 2004 to 16 April 2006 and on Hotstar from 15 May 2017 to 17 July 2017 for two seasons. The show was created by Jamnadas Majethia and Aatish Kapadia and directed ...
'' (2005) to ''F.I.R.
F.I.R. () is a Taiwanese pop rock band formed in 2004. The band consists of Lydia (lead vocals), Ian Chen (keyboards), and Real Huang (guitar, vocals). Producer Ian Chen formed his own band then recruited the other two members to form F.I.R. The ...
'' (2006–2015), ''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
''Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah'' () is an Indian sitcom based on the weekly column "Duniya Ne Undha Chasma" by Taarak Mehta in '' Chitralekha'' magazine. It is produced by Asit Kumar Modi. It premiered on 28 July 2008 and airs on Sony SAB ...
'' (2008–present), ''Uppum Mulakum
''Uppum Mulakum'' () is an Indian Malayalam-language sitcom, that has been broadcast on Flowers since 14 December 2015. Created and directed by R. Unnikrishnan, the sitcom depicts the everyday life of Balachandran Thampi, his wife Neelima, and ...
'' (Malayalam 2015–present), and ''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain
''Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!'' ( Is Sister-in-law At Home?) is an Indian Hindi sitcom that premiered on 2 March 2015 on &TV and is digitally available on ZEE5. The series is produced by Binaifer Kohli under the banner of Edit II Productions.
This ...
'' (2015–present). SAB TV
Sony SAB (formerly SAB TV) is an Indian pay television channel owned by Culver Max Entertainment.
History
Sony SAB was launched as SAB TV by Gautam Adhikari and Markand Adhikari under their company Sri Adhikari Brothers (thus the acronym) on ...
is one of the leading channels of India dedicated entirely to Sitcoms.
Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah is the longest running sitcom of Indian television and is known as the flagship show of SAB TV
Sony SAB (formerly SAB TV) is an Indian pay television channel owned by Culver Max Entertainment.
History
Sony SAB was launched as SAB TV by Gautam Adhikari and Markand Adhikari under their company Sri Adhikari Brothers (thus the acronym) on ...
.
Mexico
''El Chavo del Ocho
''El Chavo'' (English: ''The Kid''); — also known as ''El Chavo del Ocho'' (English: ''The Kid from number Eight'') during its earliest episodes —, is a Mexican television sitcom created by Roberto Gómez Bolaños, produced by Televisa. It ...
'', which ran from 1971 to 1980, was the most watched show in the Mexican television and had a Latin American audience of 350 million viewers per episode at its peak of popularity during the mid-1970s. The show continues to be popular in Hispanic America
The region known as Hispanic America (in Spanish called ''Hispanoamérica'' or ''América Hispana'') and historically as Spanish America (''América Española'') is the portion of the Americas comprising the Spanish-speaking countries of North, ...
as well as in Brazil, Spain, the United States, and other countries, with syndicated episodes averaging 91 million daily viewers in all of the markets where it is distributed in the Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with th ...
. Since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa.
New Zealand
''Gliding On
''Gliding On'' is a New Zealand sitcom that aired from 1981 to 1985.
It was written by Roger Hall and adapted from his play ''Glide Time'', and directed by Tony Holden. The series depicts the working lives of four staff members at a government ...
'', a popular sitcom in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won multiple awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama and Best Direction at the Feltex Awards.
Russia
The first Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n sitcom series was "Strawberry" (resembled "Duty Pharmacy" in Spanish format), which was aired in 1996–1997 on the RTR channel. However, the "boom" of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s — when in 2004, the STS
STS, or sts, may refer to:
Medicine
* Secondary traumatic stress, a condition which leads to a diminished ability to empathize
* Sequence-tagged site, a gene-reference in genomics
* Soft-tissue sarcoma
* Staurosporine, an antibiotic
* STS (gen ...
started very successful sitcom " My Fair Nanny" (an adaptation of the American sitcom "The Nanny
''The Nanny'' is an American television sitcom that originally aired on CBS from November 3, 1993, to June 23, 1999, starring Fran Drescher as Fran Fine, a Jewish fashionista from Flushing, Queens, New York, who becomes the nanny of three ch ...
"). Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country — STS
STS, or sts, may refer to:
Medicine
* Secondary traumatic stress, a condition which leads to a diminished ability to empathize
* Sequence-tagged site, a gene-reference in genomics
* Soft-tissue sarcoma
* Staurosporine, an antibiotic
* STS (gen ...
and TNT
Trinitrotoluene (), more commonly known as TNT, more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. TNT is occasionally used as a reagen ...
. In 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom — "Daddy's Daughters
''Daddy's Daughters'' (russian: Папины дочки, Papiny Dochki) is a Russian TV series produced from 2007 to 2013. Made by "Kinokonstanta" (episodes 1 to 60) and "Kostafilm" (since episode 61) film companies, it is characterized by various ...
" (there were only adaptation before), and in 2010 TNT released "Interns (sitcom)
''Interns'' (russian: Интерны, Interny) is a Russian television medical sitcom produced by NTV (Russia), NTV-Kino, which aired on the TNT (Russia), TNT Russia channel from March 29, 2010 to February 25, 2016.
Premise
The sitcom follow ...
" — the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy (unlike dominated "conveyor" sitcoms).
United Kingdom
Although styles of sitcom have changed over the years they tend to be based on a family, workplace or other institution, where the same group of contrasting characters is brought together in each episode. British sitcoms are typically produced in one or more series of six episodes. Most such series are conceived and developed by one or two writers. The majority of British sitcoms are 30 minutes long and are recorded on studio sets in a multiple-camera setup. A subset of British comedy consciously avoids traditional situation comedy themes and storylines to branch out into more unusual topics or narrative methods. '' Blackadder'' (1983–1989) and ''Yes Minister
''Yes Minister'' is a British political satire sitcom written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn. Comprising three seven-episode series, it was first transmitted on BBC2 from 1980 to 1984. A sequel, ''Yes, Prime Minister'', ran for 16 episodes fr ...
/Yes Prime Minister'' (1980–1988, 2013) moved what is often a domestic or workplace genre into the corridors of power. A later development was the mockumentary
A mockumentary (a blend of ''mock'' and ''documentary''), fake documentary or docu-comedy is a type of film or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary.
These productions are often used to analyze or comment on c ...
in such series as ''The Office
''The Office'' is a mockumentary sitcom created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, first made in the United Kingdom, then Germany, and subsequently the United States. It has since been remade in ten other countries.
The original series o ...
'' (2001–2003, 2013). Also coming of age in such series as ''The Inbetweeners
''The Inbetweeners'' is a British coming-of-age television teen sitcom, which originally aired on E4 from 2008 until 2010 and was created and written by Damon Beesley and Iain Morris. The series follows the misadventures of suburban teenager ...
'' (2008-2010).
United States
The sitcom format was born in January 1926 with the initial broadcast of ''Sam 'n' Henry
''Sam 'n' Henry'' was a radio series performed by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll that aired on Chicago radio station WGN (AM), WGN from 1926 through 1928. The ten-minute program is often considered the first situation comedy. Gosden and Corre ...
'' on WGN radio
WGN (720 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois, with studios on the 18th floor of 303 East Wacker Drive in the Chicago Loop. WGN has a news/talk format, along with broadcasts of Chicago Blackhawks hockey and Northwestern ...
in Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
, Illinois. The 15-minute daily program was revamped in 1928, moved to another station, renamed ''Amos 'n' Andy
''Amos 'n' Andy'' is an American radio sitcom about black characters, initially set in Chicago and later in the Harlem section of New York City. While the show had a brief life on 1950s television with black actors, the 1928 to 1960 radio show ...
'', and became one of the most successful sitcoms of the period. It was also one of the earliest examples of radio syndication. In 1947, the first American television sitcom, ''Mary Kay and Johnny
''Mary Kay and Johnny'' is an American situation comedy starring real-life married couple Mary Kay and Johnny Stearns. It was the first sitcom broadcast on a network television in the United States. ''Mary Kay and Johnny'' initially aired live ...
'', debuted. Since that time, many of the most watched shows in the US have been sitcoms.
American sitcoms are generally written to run a total of 22 minutes in length, leaving eight minutes for advertisements
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...
in a 30 minute timeslot.
Some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the US.When British TV flies across the pond
CNN.com, April 6, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Some of the most successful American sitcoms of the 1970s, including ''
All in the Family
''All in the Family'' is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971, to April 8, 1979. Afterwards, it was continued with the spin-off series ''Archie Bunker's Place'', which picked up where ''All in ...
'', ''
Three's Company
''Three's Company'' is an American sitcom television series that aired for eight seasons on ABC from March 15, 1977, to September 18, 1984. It is based on the British sitcom '' Man About the House''.
The story revolves around three single room ...
'', and ''
Sanford and Son'', were adapted from British productions.
Iran
''
On Tiptoes
''On Tiptoes'' ( fa, پاورچین) is an Iranian television comedy Serial (radio and television), serial. It was broadcast for the first time by the IRIB on Thursday 10 September 2002 until Thursday 10 January 2003. It could usually be seen e ...
'' and ''
Shabhaye Barareh
''Barareh Nights'' ( fa, شبهای برره) is a 2005 Iranian satire television series broadcast by the IRIB network. The series ended after 92 episodes; the storyline of Barareh Nights was not complete. It aired in Iran daily at 8:00  ...
'' They were among the first and most important sitcoms that led to the growth of this type of comedy in Iran,the idea of making On Tiptoes was borrowed from the series ''
Friends''
See also
*
Black sitcom
A black sitcom is a sitcom that principally features black people in its cast. Prominent black sitcoms to date typically come from the United States with African American casts. Although sitcoms with primarily black characters have been present ...
*
List of sitcoms
This is a list of television and radio sitcoms (situation comedies
A sitcom, a portmanteau of situation comedy, or situational comedy, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who mostly carry over from episode to episode. Sitc ...
*
Animated sitcom
An animated sitcom is a subgenre of the sitcom that is animated instead of live action and is generally made or created for adult audiences in most cases. ''SpongeBob SquarePants'', ''The Simpsons'', ''South Park'', and ''Family Guy'' are four of ...
References
Further reading
* Lewisohn, Mark (2003) ''Radio Times' Guide to TV Comedy''. 2nd Ed. Revised – BBC Consumer Publishing. , Provides details of every comedy show ever seen on British television, including imports.
* Padva, Gilad (2005) Desired Bodies and Queer Masculinities in Three Popular TV Sitcoms. In Lorek-Jezinska, Edyta and Wieckowska, Katarzyna (Eds.), ''Corporeal Inscriptions: Representations of the Body in Cultural and Homosexual Literature '' (pp. 127–138). Torun, Poland: Nicholas Copernicus University Press.
* ''Asplin, Richard'' (2004) ''Gagged – A Thriller With Jokes'' – Arrow books. is a contemporary comic thriller set in London and Los Angeles that covers the financing, production, creation, ratings and marketing of a modern American network half-hour situation comedy
*
*
*
*
*
* Starman, Ray "The Sitcom Class Wars:20th Century". (2014) The Troy Bookmakers, Troy NY. History and analysis of 60 classic American sitcoms. Also includes glossary for easy access. Photos for every program.
External links
Situation Comedy Bibliography(via UC Berkeley)—mostly USA programs.
Sitcoms OnlineBritish Comedy Guide
{{Authority control
Television genres
Television terminology