The Sironidae are a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

with more than 30 described species. The family shows a

Laurasia Laurasia () was the more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from around ( Mya), the other being Gondwana. It separated from Gondwana (beginning in the late Triassic period) during the breakup of Pan ...

n distribution, with most species found in temperate

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

and the west coast of

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

. The only exception is ''Suzukielus sauteri'' from

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

. (2007): Sironidae Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-de-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 102f

Name

''Siro'' is the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

ized form of the French name "

Ciron The Ciron (; oc, Siron) is a left tributary of the Garonne, in Gironde, Southwest France. It is long. Geography The Ciron rises in the eastern end of the Moors of Gascony, in Landes. It flows north-west, mainly through the moors of Gironde, c ...

Species

* '' Cyphophthalmus'' (mostly

Balkan The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

) :* '' Cyphophtalmus duricorius'' Joseph, 1868 (

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and Pars pro toto#Geography, often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of Southern Europe, south and southeast Euro ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius bithynicus'' (Gruber, 1973) (

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

Bursa ( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius bolei'' (Hadzi, 1973) (

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius corfuanus'' (Kratochvíl, 1937) (

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...

Corfu Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius yalovensis'' (Gruber, 1973) (Turkey:

Yalova Yalova is a market-gardening town located in northwestern Turkey on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. The town has a population of 156,838, while the population of the surrounding Yalova Province is 291,001 . A largely modern town, it is ...

) :* '' Cyphophtalmus eratoae'' Juberthie, 1968 (Greece) :* '' Cyphophthalmus ere'' Karaman, 2007 (

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

) :* '' Cyphophthalmus gjorgjevici'' (Hadzi, 1933) (

North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...

) :* '' Cyphophthalmus klisurae'' (Hadzi, 1973) (cave near Klisura, Serbia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus markoi'' Karaman, 2007 (North Macedonia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus minutus'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus montenegrinus'' Hadzi, 1973 (Montenegro) :* '' Cyphophthalmus noctiphilus'' Kratochvíl, 1940 (Croatia: cave Vranjaca) :* '' Cyphophthalmus nonveilleri'' Karaman, 2007 (Serbia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus ohridanus'' Hadzi, 1973 (North Macedonia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus serbicus'' Hadzi, 1973 (karstic region of east and central Serbia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus silhavyi'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus teyrovskyi'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) * '' Iberosiro'' (

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

, cave) :* '' Iberosiro distylos'' de Bivort, 2004 * '' Odontosiro'' Juberthie, 1961 (Portugal,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) :* '' Odontosiro lusitanicus'' Juberthie, 1961 * '' Paramiopsalis'' Juberthie, 1962 (Portugal, Spain) :* '' Paramiopsalis ramulosus'' Juberthie, 1962 * '' Parasiro'' Hansen &

Sørensen Sørensen () is a Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning "son of Søren" (given name equivalent of Severin). , it is the eighth most common surname in Denmark. Immigrants to English-speaking countries often changed the spelling to ''Sorense ...

, 1904 :* '' Parasiro coiffaiti'' Juberthie, 1956 (Spain, France) :* '' Parasiro corsicus'' (

Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ...

, 1872) (Corsica) :* '' Parasiro minor'' Juberthie, 1958 (

, Corsica) * '' Siro'' Latreille, 1796 (western Europe, North America) :* '' Siro acaroides'' (Ewing, 1923) (US west coast:

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

Oregon Oregon () is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of it ...

California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

) :*†'' Siro balticus'' Dunlop & Mitov, 2011 (

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic amber or succinite. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that these forests created more than 1 ...

, unknown locality) :* '' Siro beschkovi'' Mitov, 1994 (

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...

) :* '' Siro boyerae'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (Washington, Oregon) :* ''

Siro calaveras ''Siro calaveras'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 30 described species. The family shows a Laurasian distribution, with most species found in temperate Europe a ...

'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (California) :* '' Siro carpaticus'' Rafalski, 1956 (

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

) :* '' Siro crassus'' Novak & Giribet, 2006 (Slovenia) (2006): A new species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sironidae) from Eastern Slovenia. ''Zootaxa'' 1330: 27-42
PDF
/ref> :* '' Siro exilis'' Hoffman, 1963 (US east coast:

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the Bur ...

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...

) :* '' Siro kamiakensis'' (Newell, 1943) (Washington,

Idaho Idaho ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Montana and Wyom ...

) :* †'' Siro platypedibus'' Dunlop & Giribet, 2003 (fossil, Bitterfield amber from

Bitterfeld Bitterfeld () is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2007 it has been part of the town of Bitterfeld-Wolfen. It is situated approximately 25 km south of Dessau, and 30 km northeast of Halle (S ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

) :* '' Siro rubens'' Latreille, 1804 (France) :* '' Siro shasta'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (California) :* '' Siro sonoma'' Shear, 1980 (Northern California) :* '' Siro valleorum'' Chemini, 1990 (Italy) * '' Suzukielus'' Juberthie, 1970 (

) :* '' Suzukielus sauteri'' ( Roewer, 1916) * '' Tranteeva'' (Bulgaria) :* '' Tranteeva paradoxa'' Kratochvíl, 1958 The following genus is no longer included in Sironidae, but also not yet included in any new family: * '' Marwe'' Shear, 1985 (

Kenya ) , national_anthem = "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...

) :* '' Marwe coarctata'' Shear, 1985

Footnotes

References

* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Sironidae

Checklist of the Cyphophthalmi species of the World
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press''

Name

Species

Footnotes

References

Further reading