A singular term is a paradigmatic referring device in a language. Singular terms are defined as expressions that purport to denote or designate particular individual people, places, or other objects. They contrast with ''general terms'' (such as "car" or "chair") which can apply to more than one thing. Singular terms are of philosophical importance for philosophers of language, because they ''refer'' to things in the world, and the ability of words to refer calls for scrutiny.

Overview

There are various kinds of singular terms:

proper name A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (''Africa''; ''Jupiter''; ''Sarah''; ''Walmart'') as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (''continent, pl ...

s (e.g. "Matthew"),

definite description In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun. The definite description is ''proper'' if X applies to a unique individual or ...

s (e.g. "the second fisherman in the boat"), singular

personal pronoun Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as ''I''), second person (as ''you''), or third person (as ''he'', ''she'', ''it''). Personal pronouns may also take different f ...

s (e.g. "she"),

demonstrative pronoun Demonstratives ( abbreviated ) are words, such as ''this'' and ''that'', used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically deictic, their meaning depending on a particular fram ...

s (e.g. "this"), etc. Historically, various definitions for "singular term" have been offered: # A term that tells us which individual is being talked about. (

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism and social liberalism, he contributed widely to s ...

, Arthur Prior, P. F. Strawson) # A term that is grammatically singular, i.e. a

(''proprium nomen''), a

(''pronomen demonstrativum'') or a demonstrative pronoun with a common name (''cum termino communi''). (

William of Ockham William of Ockham or Occam ( ; ; 9/10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and theologian, who was born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medie ...

) # A term that is inherently ''about'' the object to which it applies or refers. (

Gottlob Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philos ...

) # A term that is true "in the same sense" of only one object. ( Peter of Spain)Peter of Spain 1947

References

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Works cited

*Frege, G. (1892) "On Sense and Reference", originally published as " Über Sinn und Bedeutung" in ''Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik'', vol. 100, pp. 25–50. Transl. Geach & Black 56–78. *Mill, J. S., ''A System of Logic'', London 1908 (8th edition). * Peter of Spain ''Summulae Logicales'', ed. I. M. Bochenski (Turin, 1947) – also quoted in Prior 1976. *Prior, A. N. ''The Doctrine of Propositions & Terms'', London 1976. *Strawson, P. F. "On Referring", ''Mind'' 1950 pp. 320–44. *William of Ockham, '' Summa logicae'', Paris 1448, Bologna 1498, Venice 1508, Oxford 1675. Concepts in logic Grammar Names Semantics Philosophy of language