Silvia Bulfone-Paus (born Silvia Bulfone) is an Italian immunologist, who gained widespread attention in mainstream media for rampant scientific misconduct. She is the chair of the

Research Center Borstel The Research Center Borstel – Leibniz Lung Center (german: Forschungszentrum Borstel – Leibniz Lungenzentrum, FZB) is a German interdisciplinary biomedical research institution located in Borstel in Schleswig-Holstein, just north of Hamburg. I ...

's Department of Immunology and

Cell Biology Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and ...

and also serves as professor of Immunobiology at the University of Manchester School of Medicine. Her position at the Board of Directors of the Research Centre Borstel is currently in ''“abeyance”''.

Personal life

Bulfone-Paus is married to Ralf Paus, a professor in

Dermatology Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin.''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' Random House, Inc. 2001. Page 537. . It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medical ...

at the University of Münster in Germany. Paus also holds a position as Professor of Cutaneous Medicine at the University of Manchester. Bulfone-Paus and Paus have three children.

Work and fraud investigations

Bulfone-Paus specializes her research in the biology of the

immune response An immune response is a reaction which occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against foreign invaders. These invaders include a wide variety of different microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi which could ...

, especially

cytokines Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrin ...

and

mast cells A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a par ...

. Mast cells secrete a substance known as

histamine Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Since histamine was discovered in ...

, which produces

inflammation Inflammation (from la, wikt:en:inflammatio#Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or Irritation, irritants, and is a protective response involving im ...

. Cytokines are small molecules made of amino acids. These cell-signaling molecules play a role in the immune response and include interferons and interleukins.

Formal investigation

In the fall of 2009, Bulfone-Paus was alerted to potential

misconduct Misconduct is wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. It is an act which is forbidden or a failure to do that which is required. Misc ...

in her lab at the Research Centre Borstel by a biologist and one-time

post-doctoral A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a Doctor of Philosophy, PhD). The ultimate goal of a postdoctoral rese ...

student in Paus’ lab. Bulfone-Paus delayed three months before alerting her institution to the allegations in February 2010. A formal investigation was begun in June of the same year. In July 2010, an anonymous

whistleblower A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person, often an employee, who reveals information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed illegal, immoral, illicit, unsafe or fraudulent. Whi ...

(s) began what Nature called a ''“libelous”'' ''“trial-by-internet”''. The informer(s) commenced emailing the investigators, other scientists, and politicians, alerting them to instances of fraud in Bulfone-Paus’ laboratory. The anonymous instigator(s) went by several pseudonyms, including Marco Berns, David Hardman, and Fernando Pessoa. Blogs with information regarding the case and the alleged misinformation were posted on a website, hosted in Panama, under the name of Martin Frost. Many expressed their dismay that a colleague would be subjected to such a ''“smear-campaign”''. However, in an editorial in the ''Lab-Times'', the writers express, ''“Ultimately, we have been left to question whether the ‘Bulfone-Paus stone’ would have actually started rolling without the ‘smear campaign’. To be honest, we doubt it."'' The formal investigation committee found evidence of

image manipulation Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as ...

in six papers written between 2001 and 2009. The blame was placed upon the shoulders of two post-doctoral students in the lab, Russians Elena Bulanova and Vadim Budagian. The investigators also stated they found no conclusive evidence regarding falsification of data and cleared the six papers on that charge. Bulfone-Paus was listed as either the senior or corresponding author on all six of the publications.

DFG and internal investigation

DFG, the German Research Foundation, a major supplier of research funding in Germany, also initiated an investigation into Bulfone-Paus’ laboratory in 2010. At the culmination of the formal investigation, the director of the Research Centre Borstel indicated that an internal investigation of the lab was forthcoming, as officials at the center believed a more extensive investigation was warranted. The center commenced its own internal investigation. In December, 2010, officials at the research center made it known they were asking for the retraction of six further papers, written between 1999 and 2005, all authored or co-authored by Silvia Bulfone-Paus. According to a press release from Research Centre Borstel, ''"manipulation"'' was admitted in four of the new retractions. The center found two other publications for which they felt retraction was necessary as well. In response to the findings of their investigation, the Research Centre Borstel downsized Bulfone-Paus’ laboratory and decreased the funding of the lab. In the retraction statement for one of the articles, “A promiscuous liaison between IL-15 and Axl receptor

tyrosine kinase A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Tyrosine kinases belong to a larger cla ...

in cell death control”, the authors of the paper, minus the two Russian researchers, alleged Bulanova and Budagian performed both the experiments and the data manipulation. The researchers went on to say they believed the results of the experiment were in no way compromised by the fraud. Retraction notices for all twelve papers continued to appear throughout the months of February and March of 2011.

Reaction of the scientific community

On March 16, 2011, an open letter, written to the Board of Directors at the Research Centre Borstel and signed by twenty-five scientists hailing from all parts of the globe, was published. In this letter, the scientists repeatedly expressed their admiration and respect for Bulfone-Paus and her contributions to scientific research. The writers also lamented that their esteemed colleague was being held as much responsible for the incidents as the two post-doctoral students. One month later, the Board of Directors of the Research Centre Borstel wrote a reply to the outraged scientists. The letter issues their dismay with the way Bulfone-Paus handled the accusations and her considerable delay before alerting officials at the centre. The letter also states Bulfone-Paus knew of the possibility of misconduct in her laboratory since 2004, when Dr. Wiebauer first brought the issue to her attention. In response to the scientists’ claims that Bulfone-Paus’ considerable and extensive contributions in her field should influence how she was affected by the incident, officials at Borstel said, “Severe failure in one area (as supervisor and responsible senior, corresponding and first author) can hardly be compensated by merits in other areas.”

Further investigation and retractions

In June of 2011, Retraction Watch blog reported ''Blood'' had made known to them that they were conducting a review of a paper written by Bulfone-Paus in 1999. The article in question listed Bulfone-Paus as senior author and did not list either of the two previously implicated Russian post-doctoral students as contributor to the paper. Also in June, the University of Lubeck, in Germany, began investigations into six papers authored by Bulfone-Paus’ husband, Ralf Paus. Of the six articles in question, Bulfone-Paus was listed as co-author on five of them. Neither of the Russian post-doctoral students were listed as co-authors. In December of the same year, the journal ''Transplantation'' stated they were retracting another of Bulfone-Paus’ papers. The article, published in 2000, was retracted because of “inaccurate information” for two figures contained in the paper. As with the article in ''Blood'', Elena Bulanova and Vadim Budagian were not listed as contributing authors.

Retracted articles

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulfone-Paus, Silvia Living people Italian immunologists Year of birth missing (living people)