Signy Island is a small
subantarctic
The sub-Antarctic zone is a region in the Southern Hemisphere, located immediately north of the Antarctic region. This translates roughly to a latitude of between 46° and 60° south of the Equator. The subantarctic region includes many islands ...
island in the
South Orkney Islands
The South Orkney Islands are a group of islands in the Southern Ocean, about north-east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula[Antarctica
Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...]
. It was named by the
Norwegian
Norwegian, Norwayan, or Norsk may refer to:
*Something of, from, or related to Norway, a country in northwestern Europe
* Norwegians, both a nation and an ethnic group native to Norway
* Demographics of Norway
*The Norwegian language, including ...
whaler
A whaler or whaling ship is a specialized vessel, designed or adapted for whaling: the catching or processing of whales.
Terminology
The term ''whaler'' is mostly historic. A handful of nations continue with industrial whaling, and one, Japa ...
Petter Sørlle
Petter Sørlle (February 16, 1884 – May 29, 1933) was a Norwegian whaling captain and inventor.
Biography
Petter Martin Mattias Koch Sørlle was born at Tune (now Sarpsborg) in Østfold, Norway. Both his father and grandfather had been sailors ...
(1884–1933) after his wife, Signy Therese.
The island is about long and wide and rises to above sea level. Much of it is permanently covered with ice. The average temperature range is to about in winter (i.e. in July). The extremes extend to . It is separated from
Coronation Island
Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, long and from wide. The island extends in a general east–west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to .
History
T ...
to the north by
Normanna Strait, and from
Moe Island
Moe Island is an island long in the South Orkney Islands off Antarctica, separated from the south-west end of Signy Island by Fyr Channel. It was charted by Captain Petter Sørlle in 1912–13, and named after M. Thoralf Moe of Sandefjord, No ...
to the southwest by
Fyr Channel
Fyr Channel () is a channel wide between the southwest end of Signy Island and Moe Island, in the South Orkney Islands. The name "Fyr Strait" appears on a manuscript chart drawn by Captain Petter Sorlle in 1912, and corrected by Hans Borge in 191 ...
.
On Signy Island, the
British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on ...
(BAS) maintains the
Signy Research Station
Signy Research Station (originally Station H) is an Antarctic research base on Signy Island, run by the British Antarctic Survey.
History
Signy was first occupied in 1947 when a three-man meteorological station was established in Factory Cove ab ...
, a scientific station for research in
biology
Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...
. The base was opened on 18 March 1947, on the site of an earlier
whaling
Whaling is the process of hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that became increasingly important in the Industrial Revolution.
It was practiced as an organized industry ...
station that had existed there in the 1920s. The station was staffed year-round until 1996; since that year it has been occupied only from November to April. It houses 10 people.
Geography
A number of locations on the island have been charted and individually named by various Antarctic expeditions. The first survey was conducted in 1912 by Norwegian whaling captain
Petter Sorlle
Petter may refer to:
People:
*Petter (given name)
* W. E. W. Petter, English aircraft designer
*Arlie Petters, a Belizean-American mathematical physicist
*Tom Petters, former CEO and chairman of Petters Group Worldwide
Place names:
*Petter Bay, a ...
. It was subsequently visited and charted by
Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, wh ...
(DI) personnel in 1927 and 1933. Finally, in 1947, the
Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on ...
(FIDS) charted the island. The charts produced by these surveys account for many of the names of the island's features. Others were provided later by the
UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee
The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (or UK-APC) is a United Kingdom government committee, part of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, responsible for recommending names of geographical locations within the British Antarctic Territory (BAT) and ...
(UK-APC).
West coast
The northernmost point of Signy Island is descriptively named North Point, first charted in 1933 by DI personnel.
To the southwest, off the coast, are the ice-free Spindrift Rocks, approximately high. They were surveyed and named in 1947 by FIDS. The name is descriptive of the
spindrift
Spindrift (more rarely spoondrift) is the spray blown from cresting waves during a gale. This spray, which "drifts" in the direction of the gale, is one of the characteristics of a wind speed of 8 Beaufort and higher at sea. In Greek and Roman ...
, or sea spray, which forms over these rocks during westerly gales.
South of North Point is Williams Haven, a cove with a large
sea cave
A sea cave, also known as a littoral cave, is a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are found throughout the world, actively forming along present coastlines and as relic ...
in the cliff on the north side of the cove. UK-APC named the cove after
David D. Wynn-Williams, BAS
microbiologist
A microbiologist (from Ancient Greek, Greek ) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of Microorganism, microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, f ...
.
The south entrance of Williams Haven is marked by Richard Point, named for Kenneth J. Richard, BAS technician.
Deschampsia Point is a point on the northwest side of Signy Island, 0.3 nautical miles (0.6 km) northeast of the Spindrift Rocks. It was descriptively named by UK-APC in 1991 after the Antarctic hair grass ''
Deschampsia antarctica
''Deschampsia antarctica'', the Antarctic hair grass, is one of two flowering plants native to Antarctica, the other being ''Colobanthus quitensis'' (Antarctic pearlwort).
They mainly occur on the South Orkney Islands, the South Shetland Islands ...
'', which grows on the slopes near the point.
To the south, Lovegrove Point, named by UK-APC for
Ian W. Lovegrove, marks the north entrance of Express Cove, a small cove approximately midway down the west coast of the island.
Express Cove has a very indented shoreline with numerous offshore islands and rocks. It was roughly charted in 1933 by DI personnel and named for the American
schooner
A schooner () is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: fore-and-aft rigged on all of two or more masts and, in the case of a two-masted schooner, the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. A common variant, the topsail schoon ...
''Express'', which visited the South Orkney Islands in 1880.
Foca Point marks the south side of the entrance to Express Cove. It was named for the whale catcher ''Foca'', belonging to the
Compañía Argentina de Pesca
Compañía Argentina de Pesca ( en, Argentine Fishing Company) was initiated by the British-Norwegian whaler and Antarctic explorer Carl A. Larsen, and established on 29 February 1904 by three foreign residents of Buenos Aires: the Norwegian co ...
.
Both were surveyed in 1947 by FIDS and named by UK-APC.
Foca Point also marks the north side of Foca Cove, named in association with the point.
The next significant feature is Thulla Point, an ice-free point lying 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) northeast of Jebsen Point. It was charted in 1933 by DI personnel, roughly surveyed in 1947 by FIDS, and named by UK-APC in 1954 for the Norwegian steamship ''Thulla''.
Thulla Cove, named in association with the point, is located to the south of it.
Inland to the southeast of the point and cove are several lakes, all named by UK-APC. Amos Lake, named for
Stephen C. Amos,
British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on ...
limnologist
Limnology ( ; from Greek λίμνη, ''limne'', "lake" and λόγος, ''logos'', "knowledge") is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems.
The study of limnology includes aspects of the biological, chemical, physical, and geological characteristi ...
, is closest to the shore.
Northeast of Amos Lake is Spirogyra Lake, named for the algal genus ''
Spirogyra
''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the chloroplasts that is characteris ...
'', which grows abundantly in the lake in summer.
To the east is Light Lake, named after BAS limnologist
Jeremy J. Light.
Tranquil Lake, a cirque lake fed by
meltwater
Meltwater is water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found in the ablation zone of glaciers, where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be ...
, named by UK-APC for its sheltered position, lies further inland between Amos Lake and the
Snow Hills.
Port Jebsen indents the coast towards the south end of the island immediately north of Jebsen Point. It was charted in 1912 by Petter Sorlle, a Norwegian whaling captain, who named Jebsen Point, for which the cove is named.
Also associated are the Jebsen Rocks, a chain of rocks which extend in an east–west direction, lying 0.5 nautical miles north of Jebsen Point.
South of Jebsen Point is Cummings Cove, surveyed by DI personnel in 1933 and FIDS personnel in 1947. It was named by UK-APC for FIDS radio operator E. T. Cummings.
BAS maintains a scientific hut at Cummings Cove, visited regularly by BAS personnel from Signy Station. It has accommodations for 2 people, with food and fuel for 2 person-months. Bothy Lake, a small lake at the cove's head, was named by UK-APC for this hut, or "
bothy
A bothy is a basic shelter, usually left unlocked and available for anyone to use free of charge. It was also a term for basic accommodation, usually for gardeners or other workers on an estate. Bothies are found in remote mountainous areas of Sco ...
".
Twisted Lake, northeast of Cummings Cove, was named by UK-APC for its irregular shoreline.
Porteous Point, charted in 1933 by DI personnel, marks the south entrance point of Cummings Cove.
South of Cummings Cove is Hydrurga Cove, named by UK-APC after the
leopard seal
The leopard seal (''Hydrurga leptonyx''), also referred to as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the southern elephant seal). Its only natural predator is the orca. It feeds on a wide range of prey incl ...
s, ''Hydrurga leptonyx'', that commonly frequent the cove.
East coast
The first prominent feature on the east coast is Stygian Cove, named by FIDS because it is so overshadowed by the cliffs of
Robin Peak
Robin Peak () is a sharply defined rocky summit (270 m) which is the northernmost peak on Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1954 for Gordon de Quetteville Robi ...
that a sense of
stygian gloom is felt.
Immediately to the east is Berry Head, named by DI personnel, which divides Stygian Cove from Tern Cove.
The entrance of Tern Cove is blocked by submerged rocks. The cove contains three small islands, and an area near the head dries at low water. It was named by FIDS for the colony of
Antarctic tern
The Antarctic tern (''Sterna vittata'') is a seabird in the family Laridae. It ranges throughout the southern oceans and is found on small islands around Antarctica as well as on the shores of the mainland. Its diet consists primarily of small fis ...
s on the southernmost island in the cove.
inland to the south of Berry Head is The Wallows, a low-lying area sheltered by low ridges with a small freshwater pond in the center. It was named by FIDS because moulting
elephant seal
Elephant seals are very large, oceangoing earless seals in the genus ''Mirounga''. Both species, the northern elephant seal (''M. angustirostris'') and the southern elephant seal (''M. leonina''), were hunted to the brink of extinction for oil ...
s wallow here in the summer.
To the south of that is Rootes Point, named by UK-APC for
David M. Rootes of the BAS, which marks the north entrance of Starfish Cove.
Starfish Cove was roughly surveyed in 1933 by DI personnel and named by FIDS because of the large number of
starfish
Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea (). Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or basket stars. Starfish ...
in the cove.
About off the mouth of the cove is a small submerged rock called Powell Rock, first charted by Captain Sorlle and named after his whale catcher ''Powell''.
South of Starfish Cove is
Borge Bay
Borge Bay () is a large, irregularly-shaped bay that dominates the east side of Signy Island, in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. It was charted in 1912 by Norwegian whaling captain Petter Sorlle, and named for Captain Hans Borge of the ''P ...
, a large, irregularly-shaped
bay that dominates the east side of Signy Island, delineated by Balin Point to the north and Berntsen Point to the south.
south of Borge Bay is Paal Harbour. The name first appears on a map by captain Sorlle.
The harbor and its constituent features were first surveyed in 1933 by DI personnel and resurveyed in 1947 by FIDS.
Observation Bluff, high, forms the north side of Paal Harbor. It was named by FIDS because they made daily observations from it.
The bluff comes to a point called Polynesia Point, named by UK-APC for the
factory ship
A factory ship, also known as a fish processing vessel, is a large ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales. Modern factory ships are automated and enlarged versions of the earlier wh ...
''Polynesia.''
Pinder Gully, named by UK-APC for meteorologist Ronald Pinder, runs into the sea from the bluff.
On the west side of the harbor is Rusty Bluff, a prominent cliff rising to a rounded summit, named for its color and a rusted iron post found on the summit by FIDS. Ice-free Rethval Point, named by UK-APC for the
Rethval Whaling Company of
Oslo
Oslo ( , , or ; sma, Oslove) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of ...
, the first company to start whaling in the South Orkney Islands, forms the south side of the entrance to Paal Harbour.
To the south sits Caloplaca Cove, named by UK-APC after the abundant orange lichens of the genus ''
Caloplaca'', which encrust the sea cliffs around the cove.
The south entrance of the cove is marked by Pantomime Point, on Gourlay Peninsula.
Gourlay Peninsula is an irregularly-shaped ice-free
peninsula
A peninsula (; ) is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most, but not all of its borders. A peninsula is also sometimes defined as a piece of land bordered by water on three of its sides. Peninsulas exist on all ...
, which is wide at its base and widens to , forming the southeastern extremity of Signy Island. The seaward end of the peninsula divides into three arms. It was surveyed in 1933 by DI personnel, and resurveyed in 1947 by FIDS.
Pantomime Point is the northernmost of the three points, and Pageant Point is the central and highest of the three points. Both were named by FIDS for behavior observed in the penguin rookeries on the peninsula.
The cove between Pantomime and Pageant Points is named Filer Haven, named by UK-APC for John Filer, a
British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on ...
biologist who fell to his death from the cliffs here in 1961.
The third point is Gourlay Point, named by DI personnel, for engineer Ronald George Gourlay; the peninsula as a whole was named by UK-APC for the point.
South coast
Moyes Point is a point on the southwest part of Signy Island, forming the east side of the southeast entrance to
Fyr Channel
Fyr Channel () is a channel wide between the southwest end of Signy Island and Moe Island, in the South Orkney Islands. The name "Fyr Strait" appears on a manuscript chart drawn by Captain Petter Sorlle in 1912, and corrected by Hans Borge in 191 ...
. First charted in 1933 by DI personnel, it was surveyed by FIDS in 1956-58. In 1959 it was named by UK-APC for
William Moyes, British government representative at Signy Island in 1912–13.
To the east, the southernmost point of the island is Pandemonium Point, named by FIDS because of the ceaseless noise from the penguin rookeries on the west side of the ridge close north of the point.
Clowes Bay is a bay wide, entered between the
Oliphant Islands and Confusion Point on
Confusion Island, along the south side of Signy Island. It was charted in 1933 by DI personnel who named it for
Archibald J. Clowes, English oceanographer.
East of Clowes Bay is Lenton Point, named in 1954 by UK-APC for radio operator
Ralph A. Lenton of FIDS.
Lenton Point marks the west side of Fur Seal Cove, which sits next to Gourlay Peninsula. The cove was named by the UK-APC for the large number of
fur seal
Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds belonging to the subfamily Arctocephalinae in the family '' Otariidae''. They are much more closely related to sea lions than true seals, and share with them external ears (pinnae), relatively lon ...
s which frequent the cove and adjacent shore.
Inland to the north of Lenton Point is the Hillier Moss, a wet, level, low-lying area, which has several small pools and extensive moss carpets. It was named by UK-APC for
Edward R. Hillier, a BAS medical officer.
Other inland features
*
Andreaea Plateau
*
Cryptogam Ridge
*
Everson Ridge
*
Garnet Hill
*
Gneiss Hills
*
Jane Col
*
Jane Peak
*
Jensen Ridge
*
Limestone Valley
*
McLeod Glacier
*
Moraine Valley
Moraine Valley () is a valley filled with morainic debris, long, which drains north into Elephant Flats on the east side of Signy Island, in the South Orkney Islands off Antarctica. In summer a stream, fed by the ice slopes at its south end, ...
*
Moss Braes
*
Orwell Glacier
Orwell Glacier () is a small glacier, less than 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) long, which descends steeply from the south slopes of Snow Hills and terminates in 20 m ice cliffs along the south margin of Elephant Flats in the east part of Sig ...
*
Paternoster Valley
*
Robin Peak
Robin Peak () is a sharply defined rocky summit (270 m) which is the northernmost peak on Signy Island in the South Orkney Islands. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1954 for Gordon de Quetteville Robi ...
*
Skua Terrace
*
Snow Hills
*
Spindrift Col
*
Strombus Ridge
*
Three Lakes Valley
*
Tilbrook Hill
*
Tioga Hill
*
Tioga Lake
Tioga Lake is a small glacial lake in the Inyo National Forest of Mono County, California, about two miles (3 km) north of the Tioga Pass entrance to Yosemite National Park. The lake bed is alongside State Route 120 in the Sierra Nevada ...
*
Usnea Ridge
*
Whalers Bluff
Important Bird Area
The island has been identified as an
Important Bird Area
An Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations.
IBA was developed and sites are identified by BirdLife Int ...
(IBA) by
BirdLife International
BirdLife International is a global partnership of non-governmental organizations that strives to conserve birds and their habitats. BirdLife International's priorities include preventing extinction of bird species, identifying and safeguarding ...
because it supports substantial and varied
seabird
Seabirds (also known as marine birds) are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment. While seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent evolution, as the same enviro ...
breeding colonies. Birds for which the site is of conservation significance are
southern giant petrel
The southern giant petrel (''Macronectes giganteus''), also known as the Antarctic giant petrel, giant fulmar, stinker, and stinkpot, is a large seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly with the similar northern giant pet ...
s (2300 pairs),
Wilson's storm petrel
Wilson's storm petrel (''Oceanites oceanicus''), also known as Wilson's petrel, is a small seabird of the austral storm petrel family Oceanitidae. It is one of the most abundant bird species in the world and has a circumpolar distribution mainly ...
s (200,000 pairs),
imperial shag
The imperial shag or imperial cormorant (''Leucocarbo atriceps'') is a black and white cormorant native to southern South America, primarily in rocky coastal regions, but locally also at large inland lakes. Some taxonomic authorities, including ...
s (800 pairs) and
brown skua
The brown skua (''Stercorarius antarcticus''), also known as the Antarctic skua, subantarctic skua, southern great skua, southern skua, or hākoakoa (Māori), is a large seabird that breeds in the subantarctic and Antarctic zones and moves furthe ...
s (100 pairs). Other birds nesting on the island include
chinstrap penguins (19,500 pairs),
Adélie penguin
The Adélie penguin (''Pygoscelis adeliae'') is a species of penguin common along the entire coast of the Antarctic continent, which is the only place where it is found. It is the most widespread penguin species, and, along with the emperor p ...
(16,900 pairs),
gentoo penguin
The gentoo penguin ( ) (''Pygoscelis papua'') is a penguin species (or possibly a species complex) in the genus ''Pygoscelis'', most closely related to the Adélie penguin (''P. adeliae'') and the chinstrap penguin (''P. antarcticus''). The ear ...
s (750 pairs),
Antarctic prion
The Antarctic prion (''Pachyptila desolata'') also known as the dove prion, or totorore in Māori, is the largest of the prions, a genus of small petrels of the Southern Ocean.
Taxonomy
The Antarctic prion was formally described in 1789 by ...
s (50,000 pairs),
south polar skua
The south polar skua (''Stercorarius maccormicki'') is a large seabird in the skua family, Stercorariidae. An older name for the bird is MacCormick's skua, after explorer and naval surgeon Robert McCormick, who first collected the type specimen. ...
s,
snow petrel
The snow petrel (''Pagodroma nivea'') is the only member of the genus ''Pagodroma.'' It is one of only three birds that has been seen at the Geographic South Pole, along with the Antarctic petrel and the south polar skua, which have the most so ...
s,
Cape petrels,
black-bellied storm petrel
The black-bellied storm petrel (''Fregetta tropica'') is a species of seabird in the family Oceanitidae.
It is found in Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Bouvet Island, Brazil, Chile, Falkland Islands, French Polynesia, French Southern Terri ...
s,
snowy sheathbill
The snowy sheathbill (''Chionis albus''), also known as the greater sheathbill, pale-faced sheathbill, and paddy, is one of two species of sheathbill. It is usually found on the ground. It is the only land bird native to the Antarctic continent.
...
s,
kelp gull
The kelp gull (''Larus dominicanus''), also known as the Dominican gull, is a gull that breeds on coasts and islands through much of the Southern Hemisphere. The nominate ''L. d. dominicanus'' is the subspecies found around South America, part ...
s and
Antarctic tern
The Antarctic tern (''Sterna vittata'') is a seabird in the family Laridae. It ranges throughout the southern oceans and is found on small islands around Antarctica as well as on the shores of the mainland. Its diet consists primarily of small fis ...
s.
Antarctic fur seal
The Antarctic fur seal (''Arctocephalus gazella''), is one of eight seals in the genus '' Arctocephalus'', and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae. Despite what its name suggests, the Antarctic fur seal is mostly distributed i ...
s
haul out in large numbers varying up to over 20,000.
Weddell seal
The Weddell seal (''Leptonychotes weddellii'') is a relatively large and abundant true seal with a circumpolar distribution surrounding Antarctica. The Weddell seal was discovered and named in the 1820s during expeditions led by British sealing ...
s breed in winter on the
sea ice
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oce ...
around the island.
See also
*
List of lighthouses in Antarctica
This is a list of lighthouses in Antarctica.
Lighthouses
See also
* Lists of lighthouses and lightvessels
References
External links
*
{{Lighthouses
Antarctica
Lighthouses
A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physica ...
*
List of Antarctic and Subantarctic islands
*
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is an interdisciplinary body of the International Science Council (ISC). SCAR coordinates international scientific research efforts in Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean.
SCAR's scien ...
References
External links
*
BAS page on SignyAnother page on Signy from the British Antarctic Survey (Heritage Stations)
{{coord, 60.717, S, 45.600, W, display=title, source:dewiki
Islands of the South Orkney Islands
British Antarctic Territory
Argentine Antarctica
Whaling stations
Important Bird Areas of Antarctica
Seabird colonies
Lighthouses in Antarctica
Penguin colonies