Italian War of 1494–98
* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari
* 5–8 September 1494:
Battle of Rapallo
The Battle of Rapallo, was fought between Swiss mercenaries on French pay and their Genoese-Milanese allies led by Louis d'Orleans against Neapolitan forces led by Giulio Orsini on 5 September 1494 near Rapallo.
Rapallo was occupied by 4,000 Ne ...
* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near
Sant'Agata sul Santerno
Sant'Agata sul Santerno ( rgn, Sant'Êgta) is a ''comune'' in the Province of Ravenna in the Italy, Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about east of Bologna and about west of Ravenna, bordering the municipalities of Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, Lugo ...
* 19–21 October 1494:
* 26–29 October 1494:
Siege of Fivizzano
* 8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici
* Mid-November – 28 November 1494: French occupation of Florence
* ? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the
Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano
The Castle of Monte San Giovanni is a medieval fortress in Monte San Giovanni Campano, Lazio, central Italy, built in the 11th century. The castle is known as the place where Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned by his family ca. 1240 to 1242 in an att ...
* ? 1495: French sack of
Tuscania
Tuscania is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Viterbo, Lazio Region, Italy. Until the late 19th century the town was known as Toscanella.
History
Antiquity
According to the legend, Tuscania was founded by Aeneas' son, Ascanius, wher ...
(
Province of Viterbo
Viterbo ( it, provincia di Viterbo) is a province in the Lazio region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Viterbo.
Geography
Viterbo is the most northerly of the provinces of Lazio. It is bordered to the south by the Metropolitan City of Rome C ...
)
* 22 February 1495: French capture of Naples
* 2 May 1495:
Battle of Rapallo (1495)
The battle of Rapallo was a naval battle fought on 2 May 1495, during the First Italian War, between a fleet of the Republic of Genoa under the command of Francesco Spinola and a French fleet under the command of Louis de Miolans.
The French fle ...
* 11 June 1495: French occupation of Novara
* 28 June 1495:
Battle of Seminara
The Battle of Seminara, part of the First Italian War, was fought in Calabria on 28 June 1495 between a French garrison in recently conquered Southern Italy and the allied forces of Spain and Naples which were attempting to reconquer these t ...
* 1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo
* 6 July 1495:
Battle of Fornovo
The Battle of Fornovo took place 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. It was fought as King Charles VIII of France left Naples upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him. Despite the numerical ...
* 6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples
* 6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the
Castel Nuovo
Castel Nuovo (; "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (; "Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall ( Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and impo ...
(Maschio Angioino) in Naples
* 19 July – 21/24 September 1495:
Siege of Novara (1495)
* July–August 1496:
Siege of Atella
* 1497:
Siege of Ostia
Italian Wars of 1499–1504
;Second Italian War (1499–1501)
* September 1499: Venetian invasion of the Duchy of Milan and anti-Sforza revolt inside the city of Milan; the rebels opened the gates to the Venetian army commanded by
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and '' condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars.
Biography
Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, w ...
.
* 19 December 1499 – 12 January 1500: . Franco-Papal victory by
Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia (; ca-valencia, Cèsar Borja ; es, link=no, César Borja ; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was an Italian ex- cardinal and '' condottiero'' (mercenary leader) of Aragonese (Spanish) origin, whose fight for power was a major ...
over
Caterina Sforza
Caterina Sforza (1463 – 28 May 1509) was an Italian noblewoman, the Countess of Forlì and Lady of Imola, firstly with her husband Girolamo Riario, and after his death as a regent of her son Ottaviano. Caterina was a noblewoman who lived a li ...
.
* 5 February 1500: Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retook the city of Milan from the French.
* 21 March 1500: The Sforzescan army retook Novara from the French.
* 8–10 April 1500:
Battle of Novara (1500)
The Battle of Novara was fought on 8 April 1500 between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan.
On 24 March 1500, Louis II de la Trémoille joined the main French army at Mortara, Lomb ...
. French victory over Ludovico Sforza.
* 1501:
Sack of Capua
A sack usually refers to a rectangular-shaped bag.
Sack may also refer to:
Bags
* Flour sack
* Gunny sack
* Hacky sack, sport
* Money sack
* Paper sack
* Sleeping bag
* Stuff sack
* Knapsack
Other uses
* Bed, a slang term
* Sack (band), an ...
.
* July 1501: Franco-Aragonese forces occupied Naples.
;Third Italian War (1502–1504)
* 25 December 1502: . French victory over Spain.
* 13 February 1503:
Challenge of Barletta
The Challenge of Barletta (Italian: ''Disfida di Barletta'') was a duel fought in the countryside of Trani, near Barletta, southern Italy, on 13 February 1503, during the Third Italian War, on the plains between Corato and Andria.
Overview
...
. Italian knights in Spanish service won a duel against French knights.
* 23 February 1503:
Battle of Ruvo
The Battle of Ruvo was fought on 23 February 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and Diego de Mendoza, and a French army commanded by Jacques de la Palice. The battle was part of the Second Italian War and was fought ...
. Spanish victory over France.
* 21 April 1503:
Battle of Seminara (1503)
The Battle of Seminara of 1503 was fought on 21 April 1503 between Seminara and Gioia Tauro, Calabria, between Kingdom of France, French troops under the command of Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny, Bérault Stuart d'Aubigny and a Spanish f ...
. Spanish victory over France.
* 28 April 1503:
Battle of Cerignola
The Battle of Cerignola was fought on 28 April 1503 between Spanish and French armies outside the town of Cerignola, Apulia, Kingdom of Naples (now in modern-day Italy), approximately west of Bari.
The Spanish force under the command of Gonz ...
. Spanish victory over France.
* 29 December 1503:
Battle of Garigliano (1503)
The Battle of Garigliano was fought on 29 December 1503 between a Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba and a French army commanded by Ludovico II, Marquis of Saluzzo.
Preliminary phase
In mid-November 1503, the French and Span ...
. Spanish victory over France and Saluzzo.
War of the League of Cambrai
;Prelude (1506–1508)
* July 1506 – March 1507: A popular revolt in Genoa expelled the city's pro-French nobility to Savona.
* 22–29 April 1507: Siege of Genoa. French victory over the Genoese revolutionaries.
* Early February 1508: Maximilian declared war on Venice. Venice requested France, then still their ally, to send aid, which Chaumont did in the form of several thousand troops from Milan.
* 20–21 February 1508: Imperial troops invaded Venice, sacking
Ampezzo
Ampezzo ( fur, Dimpeç, german: Petsch) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about northwest of Trieste and about northwest of Udine. As of 31 December 2004, it had a populat ...
and besieging the
Castello di Botestagno
Castello di Botestagno (also known as Podestagno, or ''Peutelstein'' in German) is a ruined medieval fort in the ''comune'' of Cortina d'Ampezzo in the southern (Dolomitic) Alps of the Veneto region of Northern Italy. It is perched on a rock in th ...
.
* 23 February 1508: Imperials captured
Pieve di Cadore
Pieve di Cadore is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Belluno in the Italian region of Veneto, about north of Venice and about northeast of Belluno. "Pieve" means "Parish church". It is the birthplace of the Italian painter Titian. ...
.
* 24 February 1508: Skirmish at Chiusa di Venas, Imperial victory over Venice.
* 27 February 1508: Imperials captured Castello di Botestagno.
* 2 March 1508:
Battle of Cadore
The battle of Cadore, also known as the battle of Rio Secco or Rusecco, was a battle that took place near Pieve di Cadore during the opening phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, part of the Italian Wars, on 2 March 1508, opposing the Venet ...
. Venetian victory over the Emperor.
* March–May 1508: Successful Venetian counter-offensives into Imperial territory. The Venetians captured Trieste on 6 May.
;War of the League of Cambrai proper (1508–1510)
* 14 May 1509:
Battle of Agnadello
The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the most significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars.
Background
On 15 April 1509, a French army under the command of Louis ...
. French (Cambrai) victory over Venice.
* 15–30 September 1509:
Siege of Padua
The siege of Padua was a major engagement early in the War of the League of Cambrai.
Imperial forces had captured the Venetian city of Padua in June 1509. On 17 July, Venetian forces commanded by Andrea Gritti marched quickly from Treviso wit ...
. Venetian victory over the League of Cambrai.
* 22 December 1509:
Battle of Polesella
The Battle of Polesella, fought on 22 December 1509, by forces of the Duchy of Ferrara and the Republic of Venice, was a naval battle on the River Po in the War of the League of Cambrai in the Italian Wars. It was an overwhelming victory for Fe ...
. Ferrarese (Cambrai) victory over Venice.
* May 1510: French, Ferrarese, and Imperial troops invaded Venice.
* July 1510: The Pope and Venice formed an alliance and went on a counter-offensive.
;Ferrarese War (1510–1511)
* August 1510: Failed Papal attack on Ferrara.
* 17 August 1510: Papal–Venetian troops captured Modena.
* October 1510: French troops were repulsed at Bologna.
* December 1510: Papal troops captured Concordia.
* 2–19 January 1511:
Siege of Mirandola (1511)
The siege of Mirandola occurred in January 1511 as a part of Pope Julius II's campaign to keep France from dominating northern Italy during the War of the League of Cambrai. At that time Mirandola was the capital of the Duchy of Mirandola in ...
. Papal victory over Ferrara.
* 23 May 1511: French troops captured Bologna after an anti-Papal revolt.
* Late May 1511: French troops recaptured Mirandola.
;War of the Holy League proper (1511–1514)
* 18 February 1512:
Sack of Brescia
Italian War of 1494–98
* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari
* 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo
* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno
* 19–21 October 1494:
* 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano
* 8 ...
. French victory over Venice. The city of
Brescia
Brescia (, locally ; lmo, link=no, label= Lombard, Brèsa ; lat, Brixia; vec, Bressa) is a city and ''comune'' in the region of Lombardy, Northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo. ...
had revolted against French control, garrisoning itself with
Venetian troops.
Gaston de Foix, recently arrived to command the French armies in Italy, ordered the city to surrender; when it refused, he attacked it with around 12,000 men. The French attack took place in pouring rain, through a field of mud; Foix ordered his men to remove their shoes for better traction. The defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the French, but were eventually overrun, suffering 8,000 – 15,000 casualties. The
Gascon infantry and
landsknechts
The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were Germanic mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line wa ...
then proceeded to thoroughly sack the city, massacring thousands of civilians over the next five days. Following this, the city of
Bergamo
Bergamo (; lmo, Bèrghem ; from the proto- Germanic elements *''berg +*heim'', the "mountain home") is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Como ...
paid some 60,000
ducat
The ducat () coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages from the 13th to 19th centuries. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wi ...
s to the French to avoid a similar fate.
* 11 April 1512:
Battle of Ravenna (1512)
The Battle of Ravenna, fought on 11 April 1512, was a major battle of the War of the League of Cambrai. It pitted forces of the Holy League against France and their Ferrarese allies. Although the French and Ferrarese eliminated the Papal-Span ...
. Franco-Ferrarese victory over the Pope.
* May 1512: Holy League troops drove French troops out of Milan.
* June 1512 – June 1515:
Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre
The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524. Ferdinand was both the king of Aragon a ...
. Spanish victory over France.
* 10 August 1512:
Battle of Saint-Mathieu
The naval Battle of Saint-Mathieu took place on 10 August 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai, near Brest, France, between an English fleet of 25 ships commanded by Sir Edward Howard and a Franco-Breton fleet of 22 ships commanded by ...
. English victory over France.
* 6 June 1513:
Battle of Novara (1513)
The Battle of Novara (also known as the battle of Ariotta) was a battle of the War of the League of Cambrai fought on 6 June 1513, near Novara, in Northern Italy. A French attacking force was routed by allied Milanese–Swiss troops, the conseque ...
. Milanese–Swiss victory over France.
* 16 August 1513:
Battle of the Spurs
The Battle of the Spurs or (Second) Battle of Guinegate (, "Day of the Spurs"; ''deuxième bataille de Guinegatte'') took place on 16 August 1513. It formed a part of the War of the League of Cambrai, during the Italian Wars. Henry VIII and ...
(Guinegate). Anglo-Imperial victory over France.
* 8–13 September 1513:
Siege of Dijon. Swiss victory over France.
* 9 September 1513:
Battle of Flodden
The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton, (Brainston Moor) was a battle fought on 9 September 1513 during the War of the League of Cambrai between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, resulting in an English ...
(Flodden Field, Branxton). English victory over Scotland (allied with France). Scotland abandoned France and left the war. The kingdoms of
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
had traditionally enjoyed a
close diplomatic relationship, reflected in a defensive treaty signed between the two kingdoms in 1512. When
Henry
Henry may refer to:
People
*Henry (given name)
*Henry (surname)
* Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry
Royalty
* Portuguese royalty
** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal
** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...
crossed the
English Channel
The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
to campaign in France, the
King of France
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the first ...
activated the treaty, sending arms, money and military advisers to
James IV of Scotland
James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchi ...
to encourage him to fulfil his obligations, in the hope that this would draw English resources away from the invasion of France.
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguat ...
crossed the border with a force of some 35,000 men, including 5,000 French advisers. He was opposed by an English force under
the Earl of Surrey. During the Battle of Flodden, the Scottish army was heavily defeated, losing some 9,000 men and many nobles, including
King James, the King's
illegitimate son
Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as '' ...
, and twelve
earl
Earl () is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. The title originates in the Old English word ''eorl'', meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form ''jarl'', and meant "chieftain", particular ...
s.
* 7 October 1513:
Battle of La Motta (1513)
The Battle of La Motta, also known as the Battle of Schio, Battle of Vicenza or Battle of Creazzo, took place at Schio, in the Italian region of Veneto, Republic of Venice, on 7 October 1513, between the forces of the Republic of Venice and a com ...
. Spanish and Imperial victory over Venice (allied with France). Also known as the Battle of Schio, Vicenza or Creazzo. A Venetian army under
Bartolomeo d'Alviano
Bartolomeo d'Alviano (c. 1455 – October 1515) was an Italian condottiero and captain who distinguished himself in the defence of the Venetian Republic against the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian.
Biography
Bartolomeo d'Alviano was born in 1455 ...
attempted to prevent the Spanish and Imperials under
Ramón de Cardona
Ramon Folc de Cardona i Anglesola (Italian: ''Raimondo di Cardona'') (1467 – 10 March 1522) was a Catalan general and politician, who served as the viceroy of Naples during the Italian Wars and commanded the Spanish forces in Italy during the W ...
from withdrawing from the
Veneto
Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona.
Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...
, but was defeated and scattered.
;Francis I's First Italian War (1515–1516)
* 13–14 September 1515:
Battle of Marignano
The Battle of Marignano was the last major engagement of the War of the League of Cambrai and took place on 13–14 September 1515, near the town now called Melegnano, 16 km southeast of Milan. It pitted the French army, composed of the be ...
(Melegnano). Decisive Franco-Venetian victory over Switzerland and Milan.
* 4 October 1515: French troops captured Milan and dethroned Sforza.
War of Urbino
* January 1517: Siege of Urbino. Urbinate victory over the Pope.
Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
Francesco Maria I della Rovere (25 March 1490 – 20 October 1538) was an Italian condottiero, who was Duke of Urbino from 1508 to 1516 and, after retaking the throne from Lorenzo II de' Medici, from 1521 to 1538.
Biography
He was born ...
retook Urbino from occupying Papal troops.
* April 1517: Siege of the Mondolfo castle. Urbinate victory over the Pope.
* ? 1517: Battle of Monte Imperiale. Urbinate victory over the Pope.
* ? 1517: Raids in Tuscany and Umbria. Papal victory over Urbino.
Italian War of 1521–1526
* 20 May 1521: Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled
Pamplona
Pamplona (; eu, Iruña or ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain. It is also the third-largest city in the greater Basque cultural region.
Lying at near above ...
). French-backed
Navarrese
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
victory over Spanish troops during the
Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre
The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524. Ferdinand was both the king of Aragon a ...
. Most Navarrese towns rose at once against the Spanish, who had invaded Navarre in 1512. The Spanish resisted the siege sheltered inside the city castle, but they eventually surrendered and the French-Navarrese took control of the town and the castle of Pamplona. It was at this battle that Inigo Lopez de Loyola, better known as
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, ...
, suffered severe injuries, a Navarrese cannonball shattering his leg. It is said that after the battle the Navarrese so admired his bravery that they carried him all the way back to his home in Loyola. His meditations during his long recovery set him on the road of a conversion of life from soldier to priest. He would eventually found the
Society of Jesus
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
(the Jesuits), and create the
Spiritual Exercises
The ''Spiritual Exercises'' ( la, Exercitia spiritualia), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish priest, theologian, and founder of the Society ...
, which is the basis for the idea of "retreats" as an experience of prayer as practiced in the Roman Catholic Church.
* ? 1521:
Siege of Logroño
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterize ...
* 30 June 1521:
Battle of Noáin
The Battle of Noáin or the Battle of Esquiroz, fought on 30 June 1521 was the only open field battle in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. It was a decisive victory for the Spanish against the Franco-Navarrese army.
Prelude
Navarre h ...
or Noain-Esquiroz near
Pamplona
Pamplona (; eu, Iruña or ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain. It is also the third-largest city in the greater Basque cultural region.
Lying at near above ...
. A makeshift Spanish army consisting mostly of
Castilian troops defeated the Navarrese and French forces sent by
Henry d'Albret
Henry II (18 April 1503 – 25 May 1555), nicknamed ''Sangüesino'' because he was born at Sangüesa, was the King of Navarre from 1517, although his kingdom had been reduced to a small territory north of the Pyrenees by the Spanish conquest of 1 ...
and commanded by
Lesparre, driving them
out of Iberian Navarre.
* ? 1521:
Siege of Mézières
The siege of Mézières took place in 1521, during the Italian War of 1521–1526. The town (now part of Charleville-Mézières) was besieged by an army of the Holy Roman Empire. Mézières was defended by French troops under the command of Pierre ...
. An
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
army besieged the city (now part of
Charleville-Mézières
or ''Carolomacérienne''
, image flag=Flag of Charleville Mezieres.svg
Charleville-Mézières () is a commune of northern France, capital of the Ardennes department, Grand Est.
Charleville-Mézières is located on the banks of the river Meuse. ...
), which was defended by French troops under the command of the
Chevalier de Bayard
Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (c. 1476 – 30 April 1524) was a French knight and military leader at the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, generally known as the Chevalier de Bayard. Throughout the centuries since his ...
and
Anne de Montmorency
Anne, Duke of Montmorency, Honorary Knight of the Garter (15 March 1493, Chantilly, Oise12 November 1567, Paris) was a French soldier, statesman and diplomat. He became Marshal of France and Constable of France and served five kings.
Early lif ...
; the siege was unsuccessful, and the determined French resistance gave
Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to:
* Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407)
* Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450
* Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547
* Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...
time to concentrate his forces against
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
* Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690)
* Infan ...
.
* November 1521:
Siege of Tournai (1521)
Italian War of 1494–98
* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari
* 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo
* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno
* 19–21 October 1494:
* 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano
* ...
. An
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
army besieged the city of
Tournai
Tournai or Tournay ( ; ; nl, Doornik ; pcd, Tornai; wa, Tornè ; la, Tornacum) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies southwest of Brussels on the river Scheldt. Tournai is part of Euromet ...
, capturing it from the French in late November; it would remain a
Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
possession until the French conquest of the
Austrian Netherlands
The Austrian Netherlands nl, Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; french: Pays-Bas Autrichiens; german: Österreichische Niederlande; la, Belgium Austriacum. was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The p ...
in 1795.
*
Operation in Val Vestino (1521)
Operation or Operations may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity
* Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory
* ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...
*
Siege of Parma (1521)
*
Battle of Vaprio d'Adda (1521)
* 27 April 1522:
Battle of Bicocca
The Battle of Bicocca or La Bicocca ( it, Battaglia della Bicocca) was fought on 27 April 1522, during the Italian War of 1521–26. A combined French and Venetian force under Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, was decisively defeated by an ...
. Imperial–Spanish and Papal victory over France, Venice and Swiss mercenaries.
* 20–30 May 1522:
Siege of Genoa (1522)
Italian War of 1494–98
* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari
* 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo
* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno
* 19–21 October 1494:
* 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano
* ...
. An army of the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
under the command of the Italian/Spanish General
Fernando d'Avalos
Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...
and Italian condottiero
Prospero Colonna
Prospero Colonna (1452–1523), sometimes referred to as Prosper Colonna, was an Italian condottiero in the service of the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Kingdom of Spain during the Italian Wars.
Biography
A member of the ancient ...
besieged the French forces defending the Italian city. Since Genoa had refused to surrender, the Imperial troops were permitted to loot the city once it had fallen.
*
San Marcial
San Marcial was a community in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States, founded in 1854 and survivor of two floods and a fire, but is now a ghost town, a deserted site with little left of the original town, destroyed in a great flood in 1929. Sa ...
* 1523–1524:
Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524)
The siege of the fortress of Fuenterrabía took place when the Franco-Navarrese army had taken it in a new incursion, after the failure of the third attempt to reconquer the Kingdom of Navarre, which had been invaded in 1512 by troops from the ...
. Spanish victory over France and Navarre.
* 30 April 1524:
Battle of the Sesia (1524)
The Battle of the Sesia or Battle of the Sesia River, took place near the Sesia River ''(Latin: Sesites or Sessite)'', situated in north-western Italy, Lombardy, on 30 April 1524, where the Imperial–Spanish forces commanded by Don Carlos de L ...
. It was fought near the
Sesia River
The Sesia (Latin ''Sesites'' or ''Sessites'') is a river in Piedmont, north-western Italy, tributary to the Po.
Geography
Its sources are the glaciers of Monte Rosa at the border with Switzerland. It flows through the Alpine valley Valsesia a ...
, where the Spanish-
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
forces under
Charles de Lannoy
Charles de Lannoy (c. 1487 – 23 September 1527) was a soldier and statesman from the Low Countries in service of the Habsburg Emperors Maximilian I and Charles V.
Family
He was a member of the noble de Lannoy family. Charles de Lannoy wa ...
inflicted a decisive defeat on the French under
Admiral Bonnivet
Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. 1488 – 24 February 1525) was a French soldier.
The younger brother of Artus Gouffier, seigneur de Boisy, tutor of Francis I of France, Bonnivet was brought up with Francis, and after the young king ...
and the
Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol, forcing the latter to withdraw from
Lombardy
Lombardy ( it, Lombardia, Lombard language, Lombard: ''Lombardia'' or ''Lumbardia' '') is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in the northern-central part of the country and has a population of about 10 ...
.
* August–September 1524:
Siege of Marseille (1524)
Italian War of 1494–98
* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari
* 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo
* 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno
* 19–21 October 1494:
* 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano
* 8 ...
. Conducted by an
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
army under
Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed
Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to:
* Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407)
* Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450
* Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547
* Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...
) and
Fernando de Avalos against the French defenders of
Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Franc ...
. Although Avalos heavily looted the surrounding countryside, he was unsuccessful in seizing the city; and, faced with the arrival of French reinforcements, called off the siege in September.
* October 1524 – February 1525:
Italian campaign of 1524–1525
The Italian campaign of 1524–1525 was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521–1526.
Prelude
The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521, had been forced to abandon it after their defe ...
. Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France.
* 24 February 1525:
Battle of Pavia
The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Au ...
. Decisive Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France; French king
Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to:
* Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407)
* Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450
* Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547
* Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...
captured.
War of the League of Cognac
*
*
* 25 November 1526:
*
Italian campaign of 1527
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
(North Italy)
* 6 May 1527:
Sack of Rome (1527)
The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Despite not being ordered to storm the city, with ...
* 1–12 October 1527:
* 22–23 March 1528:
* May – 8 August 1528:
*
Neapolitan campaign of 1528
Neapolitan means of or pertaining to Naples, a city in Italy; or to:
Geography and history
* Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of southern Italy that includes the city
* Duchy of Naples, in existence during the Early and High ...
(South Italy).
* April – August 1528:
Siege of Naples (1528)
The siege of Naples was a siege of the Italian city of Naples in 1528 during the War of the League of Cognac.
Course
In April 1528 the French commander Odet de Foix laid siege to the city while Andrea Doria's nephew Filippino organised a naval ...
*
Battle of Aversa
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
* 28–29 April 1528:
Battle of Capo d'Orso
The Battle of Capo d'Orso, sometimes known as the Battle of Cava and the Battle of Amalfi was a naval engagement taking place over two days, on April 28 and April 29, 1528. A French fleet inflicted a crushing defeat on the fleet of the Kingdom ...
* 21 June 1529:
Battle of Landriano
The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the Leag ...
* 24 October 1529 – 10 August 1530:
Siege of Florence (1529–1530)
The siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac. At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Flore ...
. Habsburg-Papal victory over Florence. End of the
Florentine Republic
The Republic of Florence, officially the Florentine Republic ( it, Repubblica Fiorentina, , or ), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany. The republic originated in 1115, when the Flo ...
.
* 15 March – 28 May 1529:
* 3 August 1530:
Battle of Gavinana
The Battle of Gavinana was a battle in the War of the League of Cognac. It was fought on 3 August 1530 between the city of Florence and the army of the Holy Roman Empire. History
The Imperial forces were led by Philibert of Châlon, Prince of ...
Italian War of 1536–1538
* March 1536: French invasion of Piedmont.
* 3 April 1536: French army captured Turin.
* ? 1536: French army failed to capture Milan.
* ? 1536: Habsburg invasion of Provence.
* August 1536: Habsburg army captured Aix-en-Provence.
* August 1536: Franco-Ottoman army and fleet failed to capture Genoa.
* Late 1536: Franco-Ottoman army captured Piedmontese towns.
* Spring 1537: Battles of Lens, Arras, Crécy and Hesdin.
* 1537: Ottoman siege of Corfu.
Italian War of 1542–1546
* July–August 1542: . Guelders-Cleves (allied with France) victory over Imperial-Brabantine army.
* July–September 1542:
Siege of Perpignan (1542)
The siege of Perpignan took place in 1542, at Perpignan, between a larger French army commanded by Henry II of France, Henry, Dauphin of France and the Spanish garrison at Perpignan. The Spaniards resisted until the arrival of the Spanish army u ...
. Spanish victory over France.
* 24 November 1542:
Battle of Solway Moss
The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces.
The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Chu ...
. English victory over Scotland (allied with France).
* 25 July 1543:
Battle of Muros Bay. Spanish victory over France.
* 6–22 August 1543:
Siege of Nice
The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of Eng ...
. A combined
Franco-Ottoman force attacked and captured the
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
city of
Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
.
[Arnold, ''Renaissance at War,'' 180; Blockmans, ''Emperor Charles V,'' 72–73; Oman, ''Art of War,'' 213.]
*
Sack of Düren (1543)
A sack usually refers to a rectangular-shaped bag.
Sack may also refer to:
Bags
* Flour sack
* Gunny sack
* Hacky sack, sport
* Money sack
* Paper sack
* Sleeping bag
* Stuff sack
* Knapsack
Other uses
* Bed, a slang term
* Sack (band), an Iris ...
* May 1543:
Siege of Landrecies (1543)
The siege of Landrecies (1543) took place during the Italian War of 1542–46. Landrecies was besieged by Imperial and English forces under the command of Ferrante Gonzaga
Ferrante I Gonzaga (also Ferdinando I Gonzaga; 28 January 1507 – 1 ...
. French victory over Anglo-Imperial army.
* 11 April 1544:
Battle of Ceresole
The Battle of Ceresole (; also Cérisoles) took place on 11 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy. A French army, commanded by François de Bourbon, Count of ...
. French victory over Hispano-Imperial army.
* 2–4 June 1544:
Battle of Serravalle (1544)
The Battle of Serravalle took place on 2–4 June 1544 in Serravalle Scrivia, in the Apennine Mountains, between the Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Don Alfonso d'Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, and a force of freshly raised Italian mercenaries i ...
. Imperial-Spanish victory over Italian mercenaries in French service.
* July – 17 August 1544:
Siege of Saint-Dizier
The siege of Saint-Dizier took place in the summer of 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, when the Imperial army of Charles V attacked the French city of Saint-Dizier at the beginning of its advance into Champagne. After a two-month sieg ...
. The
Imperial
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism.
Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to:
Places
United States
* Imperial, California
* Imperial, Missouri
* Imperial, Nebraska
* Imperial, Pennsylvania
* Imperial, Texa ...
army of
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
* Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690)
* Infan ...
attacked the French city of
St. Dizier
Saint-Dizier () is a subprefecture Of the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
It has a population of 23,382 (2018 figure) and is a subprefecture of the department. Although Saint-Dizier is marginally the most populous commune in Haute ...
at the beginning of its advance into
Champagne
Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, spe ...
. Charles V himself joined the siege arrived with an army of 14,100 (including 1600
sapper
A sapper, also called a pioneer (military), pioneer or combat engineer, is a combatant or soldier who performs a variety of military engineering duties, such as breaching fortifications, demolitions, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefie ...
s) on 13 July. Imperial commander
René of Châlon
René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus.
René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminine ...
,
Prince of Orange
Prince of Orange (or Princess of Orange if the holder is female) is a title originally associated with the sovereign Principality of Orange, in what is now southern France and subsequently held by sovereigns in the Netherlands.
The title ...
, was wounded on 14 July and died 15 July. On 23 July French outposts near the besieged town were overrun, but a French army under the command of the
Dauphin Henry
Henry may refer to:
People
*Henry (given name)
*Henry (surname)
* Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry
Royalty
* Portuguese royalty
** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal
** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...
maintained an observing position at Jalons. On 17 August the town surrendered. Charles elected not to attack the Dauphin's army and instead pressed on to
Soissons
Soissons () is a commune in the northern French department of Aisne, in the region of Hauts-de-France. Located on the river Aisne, about northeast of Paris, it is one of the most ancient towns of France, and is probably the ancient capital ...
.
*
Sack of Lagny-sur-Marne
A sack usually refers to a rectangular-shaped bag.
Sack may also refer to:
Bags
* Flour sack
* Gunny sack
* Hacky sack, sport
* Money sack
* Paper sack
* Sleeping bag
* Stuff sack
* Knapsack
Other uses
* Bed, a slang term
* Sack (band), an Ir ...
* 10 July – 25 September 1544:
Siege of Montreuil
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized ...
. French victory over an English-Burgundian (Habsburg) army led by
Norfolk
Norfolk () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and south-west, and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the No ...
and (count of Roeulx, governor of Flanders and Artois).
* 19 July – 14 September 1544:
Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)
The First Siege of Boulogne took place from 19 July to 14 September 1544 and the Second Siege of Boulogne took place in October 1544.
An earlier Siege of Boulogne had taken place in 1492 when the English Tudor King Henry VII laid siege to t ...
(1st Boulogne). English victory over France.
* October 1544:
Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)
The First Siege of Boulogne took place from 19 July to 14 September 1544 and the Second Siege of Boulogne took place in October 1544.
An earlier Siege of Boulogne had taken place in 1492 when the English Tudor King Henry VII laid siege to t ...
(2nd Boulogne). English victory over France.
* 18–19 July 1545:
Battle of the Solent
The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The engagement was inconclusi ...
. Indecisive Anglo-French battle.
* July 1545:
French invasion of the Isle of Wight
The French invasion of the Isle of Wight occurred during the Italian Wars in July 1545. The invasion was repulsed.
France had a long history of attacking the Isle of Wight, and the 1545 campaign proved to be the last time to date that the F ...
. English victory over France.
** July 1545:
Battle of Bonchurch
The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. No source gives the precise date, although 21 July is possible from the sequence of events. The battle was a part of the wider Italian War of 1542–1546, ...
. English victory over France.
** July 1545:
Battle of Beachy Head (1545) Three naval battles were fought off the promontory of Beachy Head on the Sussex coast of England.
* The third day of fighting in the Battle of Portland, 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, took place off Beachy Head between the fleets of the C ...
. English victory over France.
Italian War of 1551–1559
* 15 August 1551:
Siege of Tripoli (1551)
The siege of Tripoli occurred in 1551 when the Ottoman Turks and Barbary pirates besieged and vanquished the Knights of Malta in the Red Castle of Tripoli, modern Libya. The Spanish had established an outpost in Tripoli in 1510, and Charle ...
. Ottomans captured Tripoli from Maltese Knights Hospitaller.
* July 1551 – March 1552:
Siege of Mirandola (1551)
The siege of Mirandola took part in 1551, carried on by Pope Julius III against the city, which had allied with France during the last of the Italian Wars.
As during the War of the League of Cambrai, the fortified city-state of Mirandola had ...
. French victory over Imperial-Spanish-Papal army.
* 19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553:
Siege of Metz (1552)
The siege of Metz during the Italian War of 1551–59 lasted from October 1552 to January (1-5), 1553.
The so-called Augsburg Interim came to an end when Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League approached Henry II of France and concluded th ...
. French victory over Imperial army.
* 5 August 1552:
Battle of Ponza (1552)
The Battle of Ponza (1552) was a naval battle that occurred near the Italian island of Ponza. The battle was fought between a Franco-Ottoman fleet under Dragut and a Genoese fleet commanded by Andrea Doria.''The Mediterranean and the Mediterran ...
. Franco-Ottoman victory over Genoa.
* 11 April – 20 June 1553:
Siege of Thérouanne. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz.
* 1553–1559:
Invasion of Corsica (1553)
The Invasion of Corsica of 1553 occurred when French, Ottoman, and Corsican exile forces combined to capture the island of Corsica from the Republic of Genoa.
The island had considerable strategic importance in the western Mediterranean, being ...
. Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica.
* 2 August 1554:
Battle of Marciano
The Battle of Marciano (also known as the Battle of Scannagallo) occurred in the countryside of Marciano della Chiana, near Arezzo, Tuscany, on August 2, 1554, during the Italian War of 1551. The battle marked the defeat of the Republic of Sie ...
or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France.
* 12 August 1554:
Battle of Renty
The Battle of Renty was fought on 12 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, a northern French secondary theatre of the Italian Wars. The French were led by Francis, Duke of Guise, while the Imperial forces were led by Emp ...
. French victory over Imperial army.
* September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States.
* August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France.
* 10–27 August 1557:
Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557, was a decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish empire, at Saint-Quentin in Picardy. A Habsburg Spanish force under Duke Emmanuel Philibert of S ...
. Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France.
* September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States.
* 1–8 January 1558:
Siege of Calais (1558)
The French siege of Calais in early 1558 was part of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between France and England and their respective allies. It resulted in the seizure of the town by France.
The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since ...
. French victory over England.
* 17 April – 23 June 1558:
Siege of Thionville (1558)
The siege of Thionville was the siege of the town of Thionville during the Italian War of 1551–59. It was held by the Spanish against a French force under Francis, Duke of Guise and others. It lasted from 17 April to 23 June 1558 and resulted ...
. French victory over Imperial-Spanish army.
* 13 July 1558:
Battle of Gravelines (1558)
The Battle of Gravelines was fought on 13 July 1558 at Gravelines, near Calais, France. It occurred during the twelve-year war between France and Spain (1547–1559).
The battle resulted in a victory by the Spanish forces, led by Lamoral, Coun ...
. Anglo-Spanish victory over France.
Notes
References
* Arnold, Thomas F. ''The Renaissance at War''. Smithsonian History of Warfare, edited by
John Keegan
Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan (15 May 1934 – 2 August 2012) was an English military historian, lecturer, author and journalist. He wrote many published works on the nature of combat between prehistory and the 21st century, covering land, ...
. New York: Smithsonian Books / Collins, 2006. .
* Baumgartner, Frederic J. ''Louis XII''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. .
* Blockmans, Wim. ''Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558''. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
* Hackett, Francis. ''Francis the First''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1937.
*
Guicciardini, Francesco. ''The History of Italy''. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. .
*
Norwich, John Julius. ''A History of Venice''. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. .
*
Oman, Charles. ''A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century''. London: Methuen & Co., 1937.
* Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. ''Encyclopedia of Wars.'' Volume 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005. .
*
* Taylor, Frederick Lewis. ''The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. .
Further reading
{{authority control
Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, also known as the Habsburg–Valois Wars, were a series of conflicts covering the period 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The pr ...
de:Kategorie:Schlacht der Italienischen Kriege