Italian War of 1494–98

* ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo * 17 October 1494: skirmishes near

Sant'Agata sul Santerno Sant'Agata sul Santerno ( rgn, Sant'Êgta) is a ''comune'' in the Province of Ravenna in the Italy, Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about east of Bologna and about west of Ravenna, bordering the municipalities of Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, Lugo ...

* 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494:

Siege of Fivizzano A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized ...

* 8–9 November 1494: Florentine revolt against de' Medici * Mid-November – 28 November 1494: French occupation of Florence * ? 1495: French conquest and destruction of the

Castello di Monte San Giovanni Campano The Castle of Monte San Giovanni is a medieval fortress in Monte San Giovanni Campano, Lazio, central Italy, built in the 11th century. The castle is known as the place where Thomas Aquinas was imprisoned by his family ca. 1240 to 1242 in an att ...

* ? 1495: French sack of Tuscania ( Province of Viterbo) * 22 February 1495: French capture of Naples * 2 May 1495:

Battle of Rapallo (1495) The battle of Rapallo was a naval battle fought on 2 May 1495, during the First Italian War, between a fleet of the Republic of Genoa under the command of Francesco Spinola and a French fleet under the command of Louis de Miolans. The French fle ...

* 11 June 1495: French occupation of Novara * 28 June 1495: Battle of Seminara * 1 July 1495: Skirmish near Giarolo * 6 July 1495:

Battle of Fornovo The Battle of Fornovo took place 30 km (19 miles) southwest of the city of Parma on 6 July 1495. It was fought as King Charles VIII of France left Naples upon hearing the news of the grand coalition assembled against him. Despite the numerical ...

* 6–7 July 1495: Neapolitan recapture of Naples * 6 July – 8 December 1495: Siege of the

Castel Nuovo Castel Nuovo (; "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (; "Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall ( Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and impo ...

(Maschio Angioino) in Naples * 19 July – 21/24 September 1495:

Siege of Novara (1495) The siege of Novara was a battle that took place in the summer and autumn of 1495 during the Italian War of 1494–1495. While king Charles VIII of France was retreating to the north after facing rebellions in the recently conquered Kingdom of N ...

* July–August 1496: Siege of Atella * 1497:

Siege of Ostia A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterize ...

Italian Wars of 1499–1504

;Second Italian War (1499–1501) * September 1499: Venetian invasion of the Duchy of Milan and anti-Sforza revolt inside the city of Milan; the rebels opened the gates to the Venetian army commanded by

Gian Giacomo Trivulzio Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – December 5, 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and '' condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars. Biography Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, w ...

. * 19 December 1499 – 12 January 1500: . Franco-Papal victory by

Cesare Borgia Cesare Borgia (; ca-valencia, Cèsar Borja ; es, link=no, César Borja ; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was an Italian ex- cardinal and '' condottiero'' (mercenary leader) of Aragonese (Spanish) origin, whose fight for power was a major ...

over Caterina Sforza. * 5 February 1500: Ludovico Sforza's Swiss mercenary army retook the city of Milan from the French. * 21 March 1500: The Sforzescan army retook Novara from the French. * 8–10 April 1500:

Battle of Novara (1500) The Battle of Novara was fought on 8 April 1500 between the forces of King Louis XII of France and the forces of Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan. On 24 March 1500, Louis II de la Trémoille joined the main French army at Mortara, Lomb ...

. French victory over Ludovico Sforza. * 1501: Sack of Capua. * July 1501: Franco-Aragonese forces occupied Naples. ;Third Italian War (1502–1504) * 25 December 1502: . French victory over Spain. * 13 February 1503: Challenge of Barletta. Italian knights in Spanish service won a duel against French knights. * 23 February 1503: Battle of Ruvo. Spanish victory over France. * 21 April 1503:

Battle of Seminara (1503) The Battle of Seminara of 1503 was fought on 21 April 1503 between Seminara and Gioia Tauro, Calabria, between Kingdom of France, French troops under the command of Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny, Bérault Stuart d'Aubigny and a Spanish f ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 28 April 1503:

Battle of Cerignola The Battle of Cerignola was fought on 28 April 1503 between Spanish and French armies outside the town of Cerignola, Apulia, Kingdom of Naples (now in modern-day Italy), approximately west of Bari. The Spanish force under the command of Gonz ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 29 December 1503: Battle of Garigliano (1503). Spanish victory over France and Saluzzo.

War of the League of Cambrai

;Prelude (1506–1508) * July 1506 – March 1507: A popular revolt in Genoa expelled the city's pro-French nobility to Savona. * 22–29 April 1507: Siege of Genoa. French victory over the Genoese revolutionaries. * Early February 1508: Maximilian declared war on Venice. Venice requested France, then still their ally, to send aid, which Chaumont did in the form of several thousand troops from Milan. * 20–21 February 1508: Imperial troops invaded Venice, sacking Ampezzo and besieging the Castello di Botestagno. * 23 February 1508: Imperials captured Pieve di Cadore. * 24 February 1508: Skirmish at Chiusa di Venas, Imperial victory over Venice. * 27 February 1508: Imperials captured Castello di Botestagno. * 2 March 1508: Battle of Cadore. Venetian victory over the Emperor. * March–May 1508: Successful Venetian counter-offensives into Imperial territory. The Venetians captured Trieste on 6 May. ;War of the League of Cambrai proper (1508–1510) * 14 May 1509:

Battle of Agnadello The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the most significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars. Background On 15 April 1509, a French army under the command of Louis ...

. French (Cambrai) victory over Venice. * 15–30 September 1509: Siege of Padua. Venetian victory over the League of Cambrai. * 22 December 1509: Battle of Polesella. Ferrarese (Cambrai) victory over Venice. * May 1510: French, Ferrarese, and Imperial troops invaded Venice. * July 1510: The Pope and Venice formed an alliance and went on a counter-offensive. ;Ferrarese War (1510–1511) * August 1510: Failed Papal attack on Ferrara. * 17 August 1510: Papal–Venetian troops captured Modena. * October 1510: French troops were repulsed at Bologna. * December 1510: Papal troops captured Concordia. * 2–19 January 1511: Siege of Mirandola (1511). Papal victory over Ferrara. * 23 May 1511: French troops captured Bologna after an anti-Papal revolt. * Late May 1511: French troops recaptured Mirandola. ;War of the Holy League proper (1511–1514) * 18 February 1512: Sack of Brescia. French victory over Venice. The city of Brescia had revolted against French control, garrisoning itself with

Venetian Venetian often means from or related to: * Venice, a city in Italy * Veneto, a region of Italy * Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area Venetian and the like may also refer to: * Venetian language, a Romance language s ...

troops. Gaston de Foix, recently arrived to command the French armies in Italy, ordered the city to surrender; when it refused, he attacked it with around 12,000 men. The French attack took place in pouring rain, through a field of mud; Foix ordered his men to remove their shoes for better traction. The defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the French, but were eventually overrun, suffering 8,000 – 15,000 casualties. The Gascon infantry and landsknechts then proceeded to thoroughly sack the city, massacring thousands of civilians over the next five days. Following this, the city of

Bergamo Bergamo (; lmo, Bèrghem ; from the proto- Germanic elements *''berg +*heim'', the "mountain home") is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Como ...

paid some 60,000

ducat The ducat () coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages from the 13th to 19th centuries. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wi ...

s to the French to avoid a similar fate. * 11 April 1512: Battle of Ravenna (1512). Franco-Ferrarese victory over the Pope. * May 1512: Holy League troops drove French troops out of Milan. * June 1512 – June 1515: Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. Spanish victory over France. * 10 August 1512: Battle of Saint-Mathieu. English victory over France. * 6 June 1513:

Battle of Novara (1513) The Battle of Novara (also known as the battle of Ariotta) was a battle of the War of the League of Cambrai fought on 6 June 1513, near Novara, in Northern Italy. A French attacking force was routed by allied Milanese–Swiss troops, the conseque ...

. Milanese–Swiss victory over France. * 16 August 1513: Battle of the Spurs (Guinegate). Anglo-Imperial victory over France. * 8–13 September 1513:

Siege of Dijon The siege of Dijon between 8 and 13 September 1513 was a successful campaign of the Swiss army against the French city of Dijon during the War of the League of Cambrai. After the French had lost the Battle of Novara, several contingents of Sw ...

. Swiss victory over France. * 9 September 1513: Battle of Flodden (Flodden Field, Branxton). English victory over Scotland (allied with France). Scotland abandoned France and left the war. The kingdoms of France and Scotland had traditionally enjoyed a close diplomatic relationship, reflected in a defensive treaty signed between the two kingdoms in 1512. When Henry crossed the English Channel to campaign in France, the

King of France France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I () as the first ...

activated the treaty, sending arms, money and military advisers to

James IV of Scotland James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchi ...

to encourage him to fulfil his obligations, in the hope that this would draw English resources away from the invasion of France.

James James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...

crossed the border with a force of some 35,000 men, including 5,000 French advisers. He was opposed by an English force under the Earl of Surrey. During the Battle of Flodden, the Scottish army was heavily defeated, losing some 9,000 men and many nobles, including King James, the King's

illegitimate son Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as '' ...

, and twelve earls. * 7 October 1513: Battle of La Motta (1513). Spanish and Imperial victory over Venice (allied with France). Also known as the Battle of Schio, Vicenza or Creazzo. A Venetian army under Bartolomeo d'Alviano attempted to prevent the Spanish and Imperials under Ramón de Cardona from withdrawing from the Veneto, but was defeated and scattered. ;Francis I's First Italian War (1515–1516) * 13–14 September 1515: Battle of Marignano (Melegnano). Decisive Franco-Venetian victory over Switzerland and Milan. * 4 October 1515: French troops captured Milan and dethroned Sforza.

War of Urbino

* January 1517: Siege of Urbino. Urbinate victory over the Pope. Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino retook Urbino from occupying Papal troops. * April 1517: Siege of the Mondolfo castle. Urbinate victory over the Pope. * ? 1517: Battle of Monte Imperiale. Urbinate victory over the Pope. * ? 1517: Raids in Tuscany and Umbria. Papal victory over Urbino.

Italian War of 1521–1526

* 20 May 1521: Battle of Pampeluna (also spelled Pamplona). French-backed Navarrese victory over Spanish troops during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. Most Navarrese towns rose at once against the Spanish, who had invaded Navarre in 1512. The Spanish resisted the siege sheltered inside the city castle, but they eventually surrendered and the French-Navarrese took control of the town and the castle of Pamplona. It was at this battle that Inigo Lopez de Loyola, better known as

St. Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, ...

, suffered severe injuries, a Navarrese cannonball shattering his leg. It is said that after the battle the Navarrese so admired his bravery that they carried him all the way back to his home in Loyola. His meditations during his long recovery set him on the road of a conversion of life from soldier to priest. He would eventually found the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits), and create the Spiritual Exercises, which is the basis for the idea of "retreats" as an experience of prayer as practiced in the Roman Catholic Church. * ? 1521:

Siege of Logroño A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterize ...

* 30 June 1521:

Battle of Noáin The Battle of Noáin or the Battle of Esquiroz, fought on 30 June 1521 was the only open field battle in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. It was a decisive victory for the Spanish against the Franco-Navarrese army. Prelude Navarre h ...

or Noain-Esquiroz near Pamplona. A makeshift Spanish army consisting mostly of Castilian troops defeated the Navarrese and French forces sent by Henry d'Albret and commanded by Lesparre, driving them out of Iberian Navarre. * ? 1521:

Siege of Mézières The siege of Mézières took place in 1521, during the Italian War of 1521–1526. The town (now part of Charleville-Mézières) was besieged by an army of the Holy Roman Empire. Mézières was defended by French troops under the command of Pierre ...

. An

Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...

army besieged the city (now part of Charleville-Mézières), which was defended by French troops under the command of the

Chevalier de Bayard Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (c. 1476 – 30 April 1524) was a French knight and military leader at the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, generally known as the Chevalier de Bayard. Throughout the centuries since his ...

and

Anne de Montmorency Anne, Duke of Montmorency, Honorary Knight of the Garter (15 March 1493, Chantilly, Oise12 November 1567, Paris) was a French soldier, statesman and diplomat. He became Marshal of France and Constable of France and served five kings. Early lif ...

; the siege was unsuccessful, and the determined French resistance gave

Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to: * Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407) * Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450 * Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547 * Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...

time to concentrate his forces against Charles V. * November 1521:

Siege of Tournai (1521) Italian War of 1494–98 * ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo * 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno * 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano * 8 ...

. An

army besieged the city of

Tournai Tournai or Tournay ( ; ; nl, Doornik ; pcd, Tornai; wa, Tornè ; la, Tornacum) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It lies southwest of Brussels on the river Scheldt. Tournai is part of Euromet ...

, capturing it from the French in late November; it would remain a

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

possession until the French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands in 1795. *

Operation in Val Vestino (1521) Operation or Operations may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * ''Operation'' (game), a battery-operated board game that challenges dexterity * Operation (music), a term used in musical set theory * ''Operations'' (magazine), Multi-Man ...

Siege of Parma (1521) The Battle of Parma was fought on 18 February 1248 between the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Lombard League. The Guelphs attacked the Imperial camp when Frederick II was away. The Imperial forces were defeated''The New Cam ...

Battle of Vaprio d'Adda (1521) A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

* 27 April 1522: Battle of Bicocca. Imperial–Spanish and Papal victory over France, Venice and Swiss mercenaries. * 20–30 May 1522:

Siege of Genoa (1522) Italian War of 1494–98 * ? 1494: Neapolitan occupation of Bari * 5–8 September 1494: Battle of Rapallo * 17 October 1494: skirmishes near Sant'Agata sul Santerno * 19–21 October 1494: * 26–29 October 1494: Siege of Fivizzano * ...

. An army of the Holy Roman Empire under the command of the Italian/Spanish General Fernando d'Avalos and Italian condottiero Prospero Colonna besieged the French forces defending the Italian city. Since Genoa had refused to surrender, the Imperial troops were permitted to loot the city once it had fallen. *

San Marcial San Marcial was a community in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States, founded in 1854 and survivor of two floods and a fire, but is now a ghost town, a deserted site with little left of the original town, destroyed in a great flood in 1929. Sa ...

* 1523–1524: Siege of Fuenterrabía (1523–1524). Spanish victory over France and Navarre. * 30 April 1524: Battle of the Sesia (1524). It was fought near the

Sesia River The Sesia (Latin ''Sesites'' or ''Sessites'') is a river in Piedmont, north-western Italy, tributary to the Po. Geography Its sources are the glaciers of Monte Rosa at the border with Switzerland. It flows through the Alpine valley Valsesia a ...

, where the Spanish-

forces under Charles de Lannoy inflicted a decisive defeat on the French under

Admiral Bonnivet Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. 1488 – 24 February 1525) was a French soldier. The younger brother of Artus Gouffier, seigneur de Boisy, tutor of Francis I of France, Bonnivet was brought up with Francis, and after the young king ...

and the Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol, forcing the latter to withdraw from

Lombardy Lombardy ( it, Lombardia, Lombard language, Lombard: ''Lombardia'' or ''Lumbardia' '') is an administrative regions of Italy, region of Italy that covers ; it is located in the northern-central part of the country and has a population of about 10 ...

. * August–September 1524: Siege of Marseille (1524). Conducted by an

army under Charles de Bourbon (who had recently betrayed

) and

Fernando de Avalos Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...

against the French defenders of Marseille. Although Avalos heavily looted the surrounding countryside, he was unsuccessful in seizing the city; and, faced with the arrival of French reinforcements, called off the siege in September. * October 1524 – February 1525:

Italian campaign of 1524–1525 The Italian campaign of 1524–1525 was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521–1526. Prelude The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521, had been forced to abandon it after their defe ...

. Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France. * 24 February 1525: Battle of Pavia. Decisive Habsburg Spanish-Imperial victory over France; French king

captured.

War of the League of Cognac

* * * 25 November 1526: *

Italian campaign of 1527 Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

(North Italy) * 6 May 1527:

Sack of Rome (1527) The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of the city on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the War of the League of Cognac. Despite not being ordered to storm the city, with ...

* 1–12 October 1527: * 22–23 March 1528: * May – 8 August 1528: *

Neapolitan campaign of 1528 Neapolitan means of or pertaining to Naples, a city in Italy; or to: Geography and history * Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of southern Italy that includes the city * Duchy of Naples, in existence during the Early and High ...

(South Italy). * April – August 1528: Siege of Naples (1528) *

Battle of Aversa A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

* 28–29 April 1528: Battle of Capo d'Orso * 21 June 1529:

Battle of Landriano The Battle of Landriano took place on 21 June 1529, between the French army under Francis de Bourbon, Comte de St. Pol and the Imperial–Spanish army commanded by Don Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova in the context of the War of the Leag ...

* 24 October 1529 – 10 August 1530:

Siege of Florence (1529–1530) The siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac. At the Congress of Bologna, the Medici Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V agreed to restore the Medici family in Flore ...

. Habsburg-Papal victory over Florence. End of the

Florentine Republic The Republic of Florence, officially the Florentine Republic ( it, Repubblica Fiorentina, , or ), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany. The republic originated in 1115, when the Flo ...

. * 15 March – 28 May 1529: * 3 August 1530:

Battle of Gavinana The Battle of Gavinana was a battle in the War of the League of Cognac. It was fought on 3 August 1530 between the city of Florence and the army of the Holy Roman Empire. History The Imperial forces were led by Philibert of Châlon, Prince of ...

Italian War of 1536–1538

* March 1536: French invasion of Piedmont. * 3 April 1536: French army captured Turin. * ? 1536: French army failed to capture Milan. * ? 1536: Habsburg invasion of Provence. * August 1536: Habsburg army captured Aix-en-Provence. * August 1536: Franco-Ottoman army and fleet failed to capture Genoa. * Late 1536: Franco-Ottoman army captured Piedmontese towns. * Spring 1537: Battles of Lens, Arras, Crécy and Hesdin. * 1537: Ottoman siege of Corfu.

Italian War of 1542–1546

* July–August 1542: . Guelders-Cleves (allied with France) victory over Imperial-Brabantine army. * July–September 1542:

Siege of Perpignan (1542) The siege of Perpignan took place in 1542, at Perpignan, between a larger French army commanded by Henry II of France, Henry, Dauphin of France and the Spanish garrison at Perpignan. The Spaniards resisted until the arrival of the Spanish army u ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 24 November 1542:

Battle of Solway Moss The Battle of Solway Moss took place on Solway Moss near the River Esk on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border in November 1542 between English and Scottish forces. The Scottish King James V had refused to break from the Catholic Chu ...

. English victory over Scotland (allied with France). * 25 July 1543:

Battle of Muros Bay The Battle of Muros Bay (Spanish: ''Batalla de Muros'') took place on 25 July 1543, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, between the French fleet under Jean de Clamorgan, Lord of Soane and the Spanish fleet commanded by Álvaro de Bazán, 1s ...

. Spanish victory over France. * 6–22 August 1543:

Siege of Nice The siege of Nice occurred in 1543 and was part of the Italian War of 1542–46 in which Francis I and Suleiman the Magnificent collaborated as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and Henry VIII of Eng ...

. A combined Franco-Ottoman force attacked and captured the

city of Nice.Arnold, ''Renaissance at War,'' 180; Blockmans, ''Emperor Charles V,'' 72–73; Oman, ''Art of War,'' 213. *

Sack of Düren (1543) A sack usually refers to a rectangular-shaped bag. Sack may also refer to: Bags * Flour sack * Gunny sack * Hacky sack, sport * Money sack * Paper sack * Sleeping bag * Stuff sack * Knapsack Other uses * Bed, a slang term * Sack (band), an Iris ...

* May 1543: Siege of Landrecies (1543). French victory over Anglo-Imperial army. * 11 April 1544:

Battle of Ceresole The Battle of Ceresole (; also Cérisoles) took place on 11 April 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, outside the village of Ceresole d'Alba in the Piedmont region of Italy. A French army, commanded by François de Bourbon, Count of ...

. French victory over Hispano-Imperial army. * 2–4 June 1544:

Battle of Serravalle (1544) The Battle of Serravalle took place on 2–4 June 1544 in Serravalle Scrivia, in the Apennine Mountains, between the Imperial-Spanish army commanded by Don Alfonso d'Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, and a force of freshly raised Italian mercenaries i ...

. Imperial-Spanish victory over Italian mercenaries in French service. * July – 17 August 1544: Siege of Saint-Dizier. The

army of Charles V attacked the French city of

St. Dizier Saint-Dizier () is a subprefecture Of the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France. It has a population of 23,382 (2018 figure) and is a subprefecture of the department. Although Saint-Dizier is marginally the most populous commune in Haute ...

at the beginning of its advance into Champagne. Charles V himself joined the siege arrived with an army of 14,100 (including 1600 sappers) on 13 July. Imperial commander

René of Châlon René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminine ...

, Prince of Orange, was wounded on 14 July and died 15 July. On 23 July French outposts near the besieged town were overrun, but a French army under the command of the Dauphin Henry maintained an observing position at Jalons. On 17 August the town surrendered. Charles elected not to attack the Dauphin's army and instead pressed on to Soissons. *

Sack of Lagny-sur-Marne A sack usually refers to a rectangular-shaped bag. Sack may also refer to: Bags * Flour sack * Gunny sack * Hacky sack, sport * Money sack * Paper sack * Sleeping bag * Stuff sack * Knapsack Other uses * Bed, a slang term * Sack (band), an Ir ...

* 10 July – 25 September 1544:

Siege of Montreuil A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized ...

. French victory over an English-Burgundian (Habsburg) army led by Norfolk and (count of Roeulx, governor of Flanders and Artois). * 19 July – 14 September 1544: Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546) (1st Boulogne). English victory over France. * October 1544: Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546) (2nd Boulogne). English victory over France. * 18–19 July 1545:

Battle of the Solent The naval Battle of the Solent took place on 18 and 19 July 1545 during the Italian Wars between the fleets of Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, in the Solent, between Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The engagement was inconclusi ...

. Indecisive Anglo-French battle. * July 1545: French invasion of the Isle of Wight. English victory over France. ** July 1545:

Battle of Bonchurch The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. No source gives the precise date, although 21 July is possible from the sequence of events. The battle was a part of the wider Italian War of 1542–1546, ...

. English victory over France. ** July 1545:

Battle of Beachy Head (1545) Three naval battles were fought off the promontory of Beachy Head on the Sussex coast of England. * The third day of fighting in the Battle of Portland, 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, took place off Beachy Head between the fleets of the Co ...

. English victory over France.

Italian War of 1551–1559

* 15 August 1551:

Siege of Tripoli (1551) The siege of Tripoli occurred in 1551 when the Ottoman Turks and Barbary pirates besieged and vanquished the Knights of Malta in the Red Castle of Tripoli, modern Libya. The Spanish had established an outpost in Tripoli in 1510, and Charle ...

. Ottomans captured Tripoli from Maltese Knights Hospitaller. * July 1551 – March 1552:

Siege of Mirandola (1551) The siege of Mirandola took part in 1551, carried on by Pope Julius III against the city, which had allied with France during the last of the Italian Wars. As during the War of the League of Cambrai, the fortified city-state of Mirandola had ...

. French victory over Imperial-Spanish-Papal army. * 19 October 1552 – 2 January 1553: Siege of Metz (1552). French victory over Imperial army. * 5 August 1552: Battle of Ponza (1552). Franco-Ottoman victory over Genoa. * 11 April – 20 June 1553:

Siege of Thérouanne A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterize ...

. Spanish-Imperial victory over France. The Imperials razed Thérouanne to the ground on the orders of Charles V in revenge for the defeat at Metz. * 1553–1559: Invasion of Corsica (1553). Ottomans & French temporarily occupied most of Corsica. * 2 August 1554:

Battle of Marciano The Battle of Marciano (also known as the Battle of Scannagallo) occurred in the countryside of Marciano della Chiana, near Arezzo, Tuscany, on August 2, 1554, during the Italian War of 1551. The battle marked the defeat of the Republic of Sie ...

or Scannagallo. Decisive Florentine-Spanish victory over Siena and France. * 12 August 1554:

Battle of Renty The Battle of Renty was fought on 12 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, a northern French secondary theatre of the Italian Wars. The French were led by Francis, Duke of Guise, while the Imperial forces were led by Emp ...

. French victory over Imperial army. * September 1556: Spanish invasion and occupation of the Papal States. * August 1557: Siege of Civitella. Spanish victory over France. * 10–27 August 1557: Battle of St. Quentin (1557). Hispano-Savoyard-English victory over France. * September 1557: Spanish occupation of the Papal States. * 1–8 January 1558: Siege of Calais (1558). French victory over England. * 17 April – 23 June 1558:

Siege of Thionville (1558) The siege of Thionville was the siege of the town of Thionville during the Italian War of 1551–59. It was held by the Spanish against a French force under Francis, Duke of Guise and others. It lasted from 17 April to 23 June 1558 and resulted ...

. French victory over Imperial-Spanish army. * 13 July 1558: Battle of Gravelines (1558). Anglo-Spanish victory over France.

Notes

References

* Arnold, Thomas F. ''The Renaissance at War''. Smithsonian History of Warfare, edited by John Keegan. New York: Smithsonian Books / Collins, 2006. . * Baumgartner, Frederic J. ''Louis XII''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. . * Blockmans, Wim. ''Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558''. Translated by Isola van den Hoven-Vardon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. . * Hackett, Francis. ''Francis the First''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1937. * Guicciardini, Francesco. ''The History of Italy''. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. . * Norwich, John Julius. ''A History of Venice''. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. . *

Oman, Charles Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman, (12 January 1860 – 23 June 1946) was a British military historian. His reconstructions of medieval battles from the fragmentary and distorted accounts left by chroniclers were pioneering. Occasionally his ...

. ''A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century''. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. * Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. ''Encyclopedia of Wars.'' Volume 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005. . * * Taylor, Frederick Lewis. ''The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529''. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973. .