Siege Of Bahrain

The siege of Bahrain of 1559 occurred when forces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by the governor of the Lahsa eyalet Mustafa Pasha, attempted to seize Bahrain, and thus wrest control of the island and its famed pearl trade from the Portuguese Empire. The siege was unsuccessful, and the Portuguese defeated the Turks when reinforcements were dispatched by sea from the fortress of Hormuz.

Background

Bahrain was then a dominion of the King of Hormuz, himself a puppet of Portugal ever since the Portuguese took over Hormuz in 1515.

In 1538, the Ottoman Empire captured the port city of Basra, gaining access to the Persian Gulf, and thus coming into contact with the Portuguese. In 1552 the Lahsa Eyalet was established. Its governor, Mustafa Pasha intended to capture Bahrain and its famed pearl fishing that was developed there. To this effect, he mustered two galleys and 70 transport boats to ferry some 800Svat Soucek (2008): ''The Portuguese and Turks in the Persian Gulf'' i
Revisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period
p. 37 to 1200Saturnino Monteiro (2011): ''Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume III - From Brazil to Japan 1531-1579'' p. 218 men from Qatif over to Bahrain.

The siege

The Turks landed in Bahrain in July, and promptly attacked the Bahrain fort with artillery pieces. It was defended by the Hormuzi governor Murad Sah (''Rax Morado'' in Portuguese), ahead of 400 Persian mercenaries, who held firm against the Turkish bombardment, and dispatched a fast craft to Hormuz with a distress signal.

Upon receiving the distress signal, the captain of Hormuz Dom António de Noronha dispatched his nephew Dom João de Noronha with a reinforcement of 10 light galleys (foists) to Bahrain, and ordered captain Álvaro da Silveira at Muscat to proceed there with his forces aboard a war-caravel and a few light-galleys. Because Dom João was young and inexperienced though, upon reaching Bahrain the Turks scattered his small fleet.

Captain Álvaro da Silveira was more successful: Taking the route towards Al-Qatif, he was able to approach Bahrain from the west rather than east, and thus trick the Turks into believing his fleet were friendly reinforcements sent from Basra. Taking advantage of morning haze, Álvaro da Silveira was able to surprise and capture the Ottoman fleet, thus trapping the Turks on the island. The Turks lifted the siege, but retreated to a palm-grove where they set up camp.

Several weeks of skirmishing elapsed, as the Portuguese were unable to dislodge the Turks. Dom António de Noronha even commissioned the chief-architect Inofre de Carvalho, by chance then conducting renovations in the fortress of Hormuz, to build a very large war-wagon, armed with artillery pieces:

Eventually, an outbreak of plague befell the Turks and Portuguese, causing great losses on both sides, and the Turks offered terms. Dom Ántónio de Noronha permitted that the Turks be ferried back to Al-Qatif on November 6, in exchange for relinquishing their weapons and paying an indemnity of 12,000 ''cruzados'' or one million ''akçes'', which they agreed.

Aftermath

The siege of Bahrain of 1559 marked the end of Ottoman attempts to challenge Portuguese hegemony in the Persian Gulf.Svat Soucek (2008): ''The Portuguese and Turks in the Persian Gulf'' i
Revisiting Hormuz: Portuguese Interactions in the Persian Gulf Region in the Early Modern Period
p. 36 The Ottomans would only make another attempt against the Portuguese 21 years later, when admiral Mir Ali Beg commanded a small fleet to the east-African coast in 1580.

See also

*Kingdom of Ormus
* Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1580-1589)

References

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16th century in Portuguese India
Former Portuguese colonies
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Wars involving Bahrain