Slavery in Thailand was practiced from the
Ayutthaya period until its abolition by King
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) through a series of reforms taking place from 1874 to 1905. Today,
modern slavery
Contemporary slavery, also sometimes known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to occur in present-day society. Estimates of the number of enslaved people today range from around 38 million to 46 mil ...
has emerged as an issue, especially involving
migrant worker
A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have the intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.
Migrant workers who work outsi ...
s in
Thailand's fishing industry.
Historical slavery
''Slave'' is the usual English term for a historical legal personal status known in Thai as ''that'' (, , from pi,
dāsa, script=Latn). They formed the lowest rank in the social hierarchy system known as ''
sakdina ''Sakdina'' ( th, ศักดินา) was a system of social hierarchy in use from the Ayutthaya to early Rattanakosin periods of Thai history. It assigned a numerical rank to each person depending on their status, and served to determine their ...
'', which dates from the
Ayutthaya period (14th–18th centuries), and were bound under servitude to a master, who according to the law "had absolute power over their slaves other than the right to take their lives".
People could become slaves through various means, including being taken as war captives, through debt, and being born to slave parents. Masters' employment of their slaves varied, as was recorded by
Simon de la Loubère
Simon de la Loubère (; 21 April 1642 – 26 March 1729) was a French diplomat to Siam (Thailand), writer, mathematician and poet. He is credited with bringing back a document which introduced Europe to Indian astronomy, the "Siamese method" ...
, who visited Ayutthaya in 1687:
They employ their Slaves in cultivating their Lands and Gardens, and in some domestic Service; or rather they permit them to work to gain their livelihood, under a Tribute which they receive from four to eight '' Ticals'' a Year, that is to say, from seven Livres
The (; ; abbreviation: ₶.) was one of numerous currencies used in medieval France, and a unit of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in Early Modern France.
The 1262 monetary reform established the as 20 , or 80.88 gr ...
ten sols, to fifteen Livres.
Abolition
The abolition of slavery in Thailand occurred during the reign of King
Chulalongkorn (Rama V). The King, intent on avoiding social upheaval and angering the slave-owning noble class, gradually implemented reforms over several decades, beginning in 1874, with a royal act stipulating that those born into slavery since 1868 be free upon reaching twenty-one years of age. Other laws later enacted in 1884, 1890, 1897 and 1900 further clarified or expanded these regulations. A final Act, dated 1905, which introduced decreasing freedom-price caps and age limits, eventually ended the practice within the next few years. Slavery was explicitly criminalized by the 1908 penal code, section 269, which prohibited the sale and acquisition of slaves (but exempting those that were legal under the 1905 Act). Acts from 1911–13 expanded the coverage of previous laws. Slavery, finally, legally ceased in 1915.
See also
*
Human trafficking in Thailand
According to the United States Department of State, "Thailand is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking." Thailand's relative prosperity attracts migrants from neighb ...
*
Slavery in Southeast Asia
An overview of Asian slavery has existed in all regions of Asia throughout its history. Although slavery is now illegal in every Asian country, some forms of it still exist today.
Afghanistan
Slavery was present in the post-Classical history ...
References
1905 disestablishments in Siam
Early Modern Thailand
Economic history of Thailand
20th century in Thailand
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