is an
Archaic Latin
Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...
phrase meaning "whether
god
In monotheism, monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator deity, creator, and principal object of Faith#Religious views, faith.Richard Swinburne, Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Ted Honderich, Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Ox ...
or
goddess
A goddess is a female deity. In many known cultures, goddesses are often linked with literal or metaphorical pregnancy or imagined feminine roles associated with how women and girls are perceived or expected to behave. This includes themes of s ...
". It was used to address a deity of unknown gender. It was also written , , or ("whether male or female").
The phrase can be found on several ancient monuments. Archaic Roman inscriptions such as this may have been written to protect the identity of the god if
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
were captured by an enemy.
[Description of the Altar to the Unknown Divinity, found at the ]Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (; la, Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus; it, Palatino ), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city and has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire." ...
Museum. The construction was often used when
invoking the god of a place (e.g., "Be you god or goddess who reigns over Carthage, grant us..."). The classical scholar
Edward Courtney claimed it was "intended to cover all bases as an acknowledgement of the limitations of human knowledge about divine powers".
Monuments
Altar to the Unknown God
In 1820, an altar was discovered on the
Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (; la, Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus; it, Palatino ), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city and has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire." ...
with an
Old Latin
Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...
inscription:
which can be transliterated into the modern form as:
and translated as:
The altar is regarded as a late
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kin ...
restoration of an archaic original. In the nineteenth century it was misidentified as a famous altar to
Aius Locutius
Aius Locutius ( lat, āius locūtius, spoken affirmation) or Aius Loquens ( lat, āius loquens, speaking affirmation), was a Roman deity or numen associated with the Gallic invasions of Rome during the early 4th century BC.
According to legen ...
. The real identity of the divinity cannot be known, as it does not specify whether it is a god or a goddess. The praetor
Gaius Sextius C. f. Calvinus may have restored an earlier altar reading ,
or he may have been restoring an altar that had been left to decay, after the god or goddess to whom it had originally been dedicated was forgotten.
Close to the site, four inscribed columns were found dating to the
Julio-Claudian
, native_name_lang=Latin, coat of arms=Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png, image_size=260px, caption= The Great Cameo of France depicting emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius and Nero, type=Ancient Roman dynasty, country= Roman Empire, estates=* ...
period. Column A (now missing) read , or "Father Mars", in
Archaic Latin
Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...
. Column B reads , which possibly means "In Memory of
Remus." Column C reads , possibly referring to a goddess named Anabesta, or else to the Greek ("to go up"), interpreted as a reference to Remus' scaling of the Roman walls. Column D, the longest inscription, reads:
Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
ascribed the institution of the
fetial
A fetial (; la, fētiālis , . la, fētiālēs, label=none) was a type of priest in ancient Rome. They formed a ''collegium'' devoted to Jupiter as the patron of good faith.
The duties of the fetials included advising the Senate on foreign affa ...
es to
Ancus Marcius
Ancus Marcius was the legendary fourth king of Rome, who traditionally reigned 24 years. Upon the death of the previous king, Tullus Hostilius, the Roman Senate appointed an interrex, who in turn called a session of the assembly of the people who ...
, and claimed that the came to Rome from the Aequicoli.
[Livy, ''Ab Urbe Condita'', i. 32.]
See also
*
Unknown God
References
Further reading
* Alvar, Jaime, 1988: "Materiaux pour l'etude de la formule sive deus, sive dea" ''Numen'' 32,2, 236-273.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Si Deus Si Dea
Latin religious words and phrases
Latin inscriptions
Ancient Roman religion