shuriken

A ''shuriken'' ( ja, 手裏剣; literally: "hidden hand blade") is a Japanese concealed weapon that was used as a hidden dagger or metsubushi to distract or misdirect.

They are also known as throwing stars, or ninja stars, although they were originally designed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the and the or .

Shuriken were supplementary weapons to the sword or various other weapons in a samurai's arsenal, although they often had an important tactical effect in battle. The art of wielding the shuriken is known as shurikenjutsu and was taught as a minor part of the martial arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, Ittō-ryū, Kukishin-ryū, and Togakure-ryū.

Bo-shuriken

A ''Bo-shuriken'' is a throwing weapon consisting of a straight iron or steel spike, usually four-sided but sometimes round or octagonal in section. Some examples have points on both ends. The length ranges from 12 to 21 cm (5–8 in) and the average weight from 35 to 150 grams (1.2–5.4 ounces). They should not be confused with the kunai, which is a thrusting and stabbing implement that is sometimes thrown.

''Bo-shuriken'' were constructed from a wide variety of everyday items, and as such came in many shapes and sizes. Some derived their names from the materials of which they were made, such as ''kugi-gata'' (nail form), ''hari-gata'' (needle form) and '' tantō-gata'' (knife form); some were named after an object of similar appearance, such as ''hoko-gata'' (spear form), ''matsuba-gata'' (pine-needle form); while others have names that are purely descriptive, such as ''kankyuto'' (piercing tool form), ''kunai-gata'' (utility tool form), or ''teppan'' (plate metal) and ''biao'' (pin).

The ''bo-shuriken'' is thrown in a number of ways, such as overhead, underarm, sideways and rearwards, but in each case the throw involves the blade sliding out of the hand through the fingers in a smooth, controlled flight. The major throwing methods are the ''jiki da-ho'' (direct-hit method), and the ''han-ten da-ho'' (turning-hit method). These two are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade spin''.''

Other items such as hairpins, ''kogata'' (utility knife), and chopsticks were thrown in the same way as ''bo-shuriken'', although they were not associated with any particular school of shurikenjutsu.

The origins of the ''bo-shuriken'' in Japan are still unclear, despite continuing research. This is partly because shurikenjutsu was a secret art and also due to the fact that throughout early Japanese history there were many independent exponents of the skill of throwing long, thin objects. The earliest-known reference to a school teaching shurikenjutsu is Ganritsu Ryu, active during the 17th century. This school utilized a long, thin implement with a bulbous head, thought to be derived from the arrow. Surviving examples of blades used by this school appear to combine an arrow's shape with that of a needle traditionally used in Japanese leatherwork and armor manufacture.

There are earlier mentions in written records, such as the ''Osaka Gunki'' (大阪軍記, the military records of Osaka), of the standard knife and short sword being thrown in battle. Miyamoto Musashi is said to have won a duel by throwing his short sword at his opponent, killing him.

Hira shuriken/shaken

''Hira-shuriken'' generally resemble the popular conception of shuriken. They are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal derived from a variety of sources including ''hishi-gane'' (coins), ''kugi-nuki'' (carpentry tools), spools, and ''senban'' (nail removers).

They often have a hole in the center and possess a fairly thin blade sharpened mainly at the tip. The holes derive from their source in items that had holes—old coins, washers, and nail-removing tools. This proved convenient for the shuriken user as the weapons could be strung on a string or dowel in the belt for transport, and the hole also had aerodynamic and weighting effects that aided the flight of the blade.

There are a wide variety of forms of ''hira-shuriken,'' and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess. As with ''bo-shuriken'', the various shapes of ''hira-shuriken'' were usually representative of a particular school ( ryū) or region that preferred the use of such shapes, and it is therefore possible to identify the school by the type of blade used.

Usage

Shuriken targets were primarily the more exposed parts of the body: the eyes, face, hands, or feet. Shuriken, despite low mass, were capable of dealing lethal blows at short ranges. In some cases, shuriken were capable of partially disemboweling targets.

Shuriken, especially ''hira-shuriken'', were also used in novel ways—they could be embedded in the ground, injuring those who stepped on them (similar to a caltrop), wrapped in a fuse to be lit and thrown to cause fire, or wrapped in a cloth soaked in poison and lit to cover an area with a cloud of poisonous smoke. They could also be used as a handheld weapon in close combat.

There are reports of shuriken being coated with poison, intended either as a throwing weapon or to be left in a conspicuous place for a victim to pick up. Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the bacterium ''Clostridium tetani''—if the point penetrated a victim deeply enough, the bacteria transferred into the wound could cause a then-incurable tetanus infection.

Shuriken are simple weapons, but their historical value has increased. Unlike the ''katana'' and other bladed weapons, antique shuriken are not often well preserved, largely due to their expendable nature.

Legality

Modern commercially available Shuriken, which are sold in Europe and North America, are often made of stainless steel. However, in many countries and jurisdictions, they are illegal to possess or carry, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom (manufacture, sale, distribution and import). In the United States, they are prohibited in some states such as California, Indiana, New York. In some cases they may be allowed but are still subject to specific local legislation. Owners may be required to possess a certificate for possession.

See also

* Batarang
* Boomerang
* Chakram
* Kunai
* Makibishi
* Wind and fire wheels

References

Literature

*Nawa, Yumio (1962) ''Kakushi Buki Soran'' (An Overview of Hidden Weapons)
*Seiko Fujita (June 1964
''Zukai Shurikenjutsu'' / 図 解 手 裏 剣 術
(An Overview of Shuriken-jutsu)
*Finn, Michael (1983) ''Art of Shuriken Jutsu''
*Hammond, Billy (1985) ''Shuriken jutsu: The Japanese Art of Projectile Throwing'' A.E.L.S
*Shirakami, Eizo (1985) ''Shurikendo: My Study of the Way of Shuriken''
*Iwai, Kohaku (1999) ''Hibuki no Subete ga Wakaru Hon'' (Hidden Weapons) BAB, Japan
*Kono, Yoshinori (1996) ''Toru Shirai: Founder of Tenshin Shirai Ryu'' in ''Aikido Journal'' #108
*Saito, Satoshi in Skoss, Diane ed. (1999) ''Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan Vol. 2'' Koryu Books
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External links

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Japanese martial arts terminology
Ninjutsu artefacts
Throwing blades
Samurai weapons and equipment
Weapons of Japan
Japanese inventions