Shumyachsky District (russian: Шумячский райо́н) is an administrative
[Resolution #261] and municipal
[Law #138-z] district (
raion
A raion (also spelt rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states. The term is used for both a type of subnational entity and a division of a city. The word is from the French (meaning 'honeycomb, department'), and is co ...
), one of the
twenty-five
Twenty-Five or 25 may refer to:
*25 (number), the natural number following 24 and preceding 26
* one of the years 25 BC, AD 25, 1925, 2025
Music
* ''Twenty Five'' (album), a 2006 greatest hits album by George Michael
** ''Twenty Five'' (DVD), rel ...
in
Smolensk Oblast
Smolensk Oblast (russian: Смоле́нская о́бласть, ''Smolenskaya oblast''; informal name — ''Smolenschina'' (russian: Смоле́нщина)) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative centre is the city of ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. It is located in the southwest of the
oblast
An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdom of ...
and borders with
Khislavichsky District
Khislavichsky District (russian: Хиславичский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #261 and municipalLaw #110-z district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast an ...
in the north,
Pochinkovsky District
Pochinkovsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:
* Pochinkovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
*Pochinkovsky District, Smolensk O ...
in the northwest,
Roslavlsky District
Roslavlsky District (russian: Росла́вльский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #261 and municipalLaw #133-z district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast and bor ...
in the east,
Yershichsky District
Yershichsky District (russian: Ершичский райо́н) is an administrativeResolution #261 and municipalLaw #86-z district (raion), one of the twenty-five in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast and borders wit ...
in the southeast,
Klimavichy District
Klimavichy District ( be, Клімавіцкі раён, russian: Климовичский район, ''Klimovichsky raion'') is a district in Mogilev Region, Belarus. The administrative center is the town of Klimavichy
Klimavichy ( be, Клiм ...
of
Mogilev Region
Mogilev Region or Mogilev Oblast or Mahiliow Voblasts ( be, link=no, Магілёўская вобласць; ''Mahiloŭskaja voblasć''; russian: link=no, Могилёвская область; ''Mogilyovskaya Oblast''), is a region (''oblast'' ...
of
Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
in the south, and with
Krychaw
Krychaw or Krichev ( be, Кры́чаў, Łacinka: Kryčaŭ, ; russian: Кричев, , pl, Krzyczew) is a city in the eastern Belarusian Mogilev Region. Krychaw is the administrative center of Krychaw District. As of 2009, its population was 27, ...
and
Mstsislaw District
Mstsislaw District ( be, Мсціслаўскі раён, russian: Мстиславский район, Mstislavsky raion) is a raion (district) in Mogilev Region, Belarus, the administrative center is the town of Mstsislaw. As of 2009, its populat ...
s, also of
Mogilev Region
Mogilev Region or Mogilev Oblast or Mahiliow Voblasts ( be, link=no, Магілёўская вобласць; ''Mahiloŭskaja voblasć''; russian: link=no, Могилёвская область; ''Mogilyovskaya Oblast''), is a region (''oblast'' ...
, in the west. The area of the district is .
Its
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune
A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
is the
urban locality (a
settlement
Settlement may refer to:
*Human settlement, a community where people live
*Settlement (structural), the distortion or disruption of parts of a building
*Closing (real estate), the final step in executing a real estate transaction
*Settlement (fina ...
) of
Shumyachi
Shumyachi (russian: Шумячи; be, Шумячы) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Shumyachsky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia. Population:
History
Shumyachi is first mentioned in 1587 when ...
.
Population: 10,713 (
2010 Census);
The population of Shumyachi accounts for 39.5% of the district's total population.
Geography
The whole district belongs to the
drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, t ...
of the
Sozh River
The Sozh, or Sož ( be, Сож, ; russian: Сож, uk, Сож) is an international river flowing in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. It is a left bank tributary of the Dnieper. The Sozh passes through Gomel, the second largest city in Belarus.
T ...
, a major left tributary of the
Dnieper
}
The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and B ...
. The Sozh itself makes the northwestern border of the district, separating it from Mogilev Region of Belarus. The biggest tributary of the Sozh traversing the district is the
Ostyor River
The Ostyor (russian: Остёр), or Ascior official transliteration ( be, Асцёр) is a river in Pochinkovsky, Roslavlsky, and Shumyachsky Districts of Smolensk Oblast in Russia and in Klimavichy and Krychaw Districts of Mogilev Region of Be ...
, which makes the southwestern border of the district, separating it from Mogilev Region as well.
History
Historically, the area belonged intermittently to the
Principality of Smolensk
The Principality of Smolensk (eventually Grand Principality of Smolensk) was a Kievan Rus' lordship from the 11th to the 16th century. Until 1127, when it passed to Rostislav Mstislavich, the principality was part of the land of Kiev. The princip ...
and the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that existed from the 13th century to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The state was founded by Li ...
, subsequently to Poland. Shumyachi is first mentioned in 1587.
The western part of the district was in 1772, as a result of the
First Partition of Poland, transferred to Russia and included in the newly established
Mogilev Governorate
The Mogilev Governorate () or Government of Mogilev was a governorate () of the Russian Empire in the territory of the present day Belarus. Its capital was in Mogilev, referred to as Mogilev-on-the-Dnieper, or Mogilev Gubernskiy.
The area of the ...
. It belonged to
Klimovichsky Uyezd. In 1810, one of the first
Arakcheev military settlements (Shtab-Zagustino) was established here.
In 1919, Mogilev Governorate was abolished, and the area was transferred to
Gomel Governorate
Gomel Governorate was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1926. Its capital was Gomel.http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/borders_timeline.htm It was formed from nine uyezds ...
. The eastern part, in the course of the
administrative reform carried out in 1708 by
Peter the Great
Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
, was included into
Smolensk Governorate
Smolensk Governorate (russian: Смоленская губерния, Smolenskaja gubernija), or the Government of Smolensk, was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR. It ex ...
and remained there until 1929, with the exception of the brief periods between 1713 and 1726, when it belonged to
Riga Governorate
Riga Governorate or the Province of Riga (russian: Рижская губерния) was the administrative region of the Russian Empire in modern southern Estonia and northern Latvia from 1713 to 1783. The Province of Riga was formed to replace th ...
, and between 1775 and 1796, when Smolensk Governorate was transformed into
Smolensk Viceroyalty
Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest c ...
. It belonged to
Roslavlsky Uyezd Roslavlsky Uyezd (russian: Рославльский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire. This uyezd was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Roslavl.
Dem ...
. In 1922, the western part of the district was included to Roslavlsky Uyezd as well.
On 12 July 1929, governorates and uyezds were abolished, and Shumyachsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Shumyachi was established. The district belonged to
Roslavl Okrug
Roslavl (russian: Ро́славль, ) is a town and the administrative center of Roslavlsky District in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is a road and rail junction and a market town. Population:
Climate
Roslavl has a warm-summer humid continenta ...
of
Western Oblast
Western Oblast (russian: Западная область, ''Zapadnaya oblast'') was an ''oblast'' (a first-level administrative and municipal unit) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1937. Its seat was in the city ...
.
On August 1, 1930 the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On 27 September 1937 Western Oblast was abolished and split between
Oryol
Oryol ( rus, Орёл, p=ɐˈrʲɵl, lit. ''eagle''), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol, is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast situated on the Oka River, approximately south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Fed ...
and Smolensk Oblasts. Shumyachsky District was transferred to Smolensk Oblast. Between August 1941 and 1943, during WWII, the district was occupied by German troops.
In 1965, Shumyachi was granted the urban-type settlement status.
In 1972, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Yershichsky District was merged into Shumyachsky District. In 1965, it was re-established.
Economy
Industry
The enterprises in the district produce
peat
Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficien ...
, glass, as well as there are several enterprises of food industry.
Agriculture
The main agricultural specializations are cattle breeding with meat and milk production as well as growing of crops and potatoes.
Transportation
The
A130 highway (the "Warsaw Highway") which connects Moscow with
Babruysk
Babruysk, Babrujsk or Bobruisk ( be, Бабруйск , Łacinka: , rus, Бобруйск, Bobrujsk, bɐˈbruɪ̯s̪k, yi, באָברויסק ) is a city in the Mogilev Region of eastern Belarus on the Berezina River. , its population was 209 ...
via
Obninsk
Obninsk (russian: О́бнинск) is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Protva River southwest of Moscow and northeast of Kaluga. Population:
History
The history of Obninsk began in 1945 when the First Research In ...
,
Roslavl
Roslavl (russian: Ро́славль, ) is a town and the administrative center of Roslavlsky District in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. It is a road and rail junction and a market town. Population:
Climate
Roslavl has a warm-summer humid continenta ...
, and
Krychaw
Krychaw or Krichev ( be, Кры́чаў, Łacinka: Kryčaŭ, ; russian: Кричев, , pl, Krzyczew) is a city in the eastern Belarusian Mogilev Region. Krychaw is the administrative center of Krychaw District. As of 2009, its population was 27, ...
, crosses the southern part of the district. Shumyachi has a connection to A130. There are also local roads with bus traffic originating from Shumyachi.
The railway connecting Roslavl and Krychaw crosses the southern part of the district. The only station inside the district is
Ponyatovka railway station, about south of Shumyachi. In Roslavl, the railway has access to
Smolensk
Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest c ...
and
Bryansk
Bryansk ( rus, Брянск, p=brʲansk) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the River Desna, southwest of Moscow. Population:
Geography Urban layout
The location of the settlement was originally ass ...
; there is not through traffic to Belarus. There is no passenger traffic.
Culture and recreation
In Shumyachi, there is a local museum.
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
{{Use mdy dates, date=January 2013
Districts of Smolensk Oblast
States and territories established in 1929