![Dasiphora fruticosa - põõsasmaran](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Dasiphora_fruticosa_-_p%C3%B5%C3%B5sasmaran.jpg)
''Dasiphora fruticosa'' is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of
hardy deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
flowering
shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...
in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Rosaceae
Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera.
The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
,
native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and entert ...
to the cool
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
and
subarctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, ...
regions of the northern hemisphere, often growing at high altitudes in mountains. ''Dasiphora fruticosa'' is still widely referenced in the horticultural literature under its synonym ''Potentilla fruticosa''. Common names include shrubby cinquefoil,
golden hardhack,
[ bush cinquefoil,][ shrubby five-finger, widdy,][ and kuril tea.]
Description
It grows to tall, rarely up to . The habit is variably upright to sprawling or prostrate, but stems are often ascending especially those stems with many long branches. The bark
Bark may refer to:
* Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick
* Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog)
Places
* Bark, Germany
* Bark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
Arts, ...
of older stems is shreddy with long thin strips. The plants are densely leafy, the leaves
A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...
divided into five or seven (occasionally three or nine) pinnate
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...
leaflets. The leaflets are linear-oblong, long, with entire margins and more or less acute ends. The foliage (both leaves and young stems) is pubescent, variably covered in fine silky, silvery hairs about 1 mm long. The flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s are produced terminally on the stems and are cm across, buttercup
''Ranunculus'' is a large genus of about almost 1700 to more than 1800 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.
The genus is distributed in Europe, ...
-shaped, with five petals and 15–25 stamens; the petals are pale to bright yellow (orange to reddish in some western Chinese populations). The fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
is a cluster of achene
An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not ope ...
s covered with long hairs. The species is variably dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...
or bisexual
Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, whi ...
; flowering is typically from early to late summer. It is normally found growing in moisture-retentive soils in swamps and rocky areas.[Flora of NW Europe]
''Potentilla fruticosa''
[Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. ][Flora of China]
''Potentilla fruticosa''
/ref>[Jepson Flora of California]
''Potentilla fruticosa''
/ref>[Plants of British Columbia]
''Pentaphylloides fruticosa''
/ref>[Huxley, A, ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening'' 3: 697. Macmillan .]
The plant is usually only eaten by wildlife when other food sources are scarce, but the leaves of the plant may be boiled to make a tisane
Herbal teas, also known as herbal infusions and less commonly called tisanes (UK and US , US also ), are beverages made from the infusion or decoction of herbs, spices, or other plant material in hot water. Oftentimes herb tea, or the plain term ...
called kuril tea.
Taxonomy
Sources vary in the number of infraspecific taxa accepted. , the Germplasm Resources Information Network
Germplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online USDA National Genetic Resources Program software project to comprehensively manage the computer database for the holdings of all plant germplasm collected by the National Plant Germplasm ...
(GRIN) accepts two subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...
:[
*''Dasiphora fruticosa'' subsp. ''fruticosa''. Described from Yorkshire, England and Öland, Sweden.][Linnaeus, C. (1753). ''Species Plantarum'' 1: 495]
Online facsimile (scroll to page 495)
/ref> Northern Europe (scattered, in Estonia, Great Britain, Ireland, Latvia, and Sweden) and northern and central Asia.
*''Dasiphora fruticosa'' subsp. ''floribunda'' (Pursh) Kartesz (syns. ''Potentilla floribunda'' Pursh., ''Dasiphora floribunda'' (Pursh) Raf., ''Pentaphylloides floribunda'' (Pursh) A.Love)). Described from Canada, New York, and New Jersey, North America.[Pursh, F. T. (1813). ''Flora Americae Septentrionalis'' 1: 355-356]
Online facsimile (scroll to pages 355-356)
Asia, southern Europe (Spain east to Bulgaria), and North America.
, Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...
does not recognize ''Dasiphora fruticosa'' subsp. ''floribunda'', but does recognize a variety
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
distinct from ''Dasiphora fruticosa'' var. ''fruticosa'':
* ''Dasiphora fruticosa'' var. ''veitchii'' (E.H.Wilson) Nakai (syns ''Dasiphora veitchii'' (E.H.Wilson) Soják, ''Potentilla arbuscula'' var. ''veitchii'' (E.H.Wilson) Liou, ''Potentilla veitchii'' E.H.Wilson), native to China (Sichuan, Yunnan)
Numerous other varieties have been described from Asia, some of which have not yet been published under the genus ''Dasiphora'', and others in that genus only as distinct species. These include ''Potentilla fruticosa'' var. ''albicans'' Rehd. & Wils., ''P. f.'' var. ''arbuscula'' (D.Don) Maxim. (syn. ''Dasiphora arbuscula'' (D.Don) Soják), ''P. f.'' var. ''dahurica'' (Nestl.) Ser. (syn. ''Dasiphora dahurica'' (Nestl.) Komarov), ''P. f.'' var. ''pumila'' J.D.Hooker, ''P. f.'' var. ''mandschurica'' (Maxim.) Wolf (syn. ''Dasiphora mandshurica'' (Maxim.) Juz.), and ''P. f.'' var. ''unifoliolata'' Ludlow (syn. ''Dasiphora unifoliolata'' (Ludlow) Soják). The varieties ''D. f.'' var. ''monticola'' Rydb. and ''D. f.'' var. ''tenuiloba'' Rydb. have been described from western North America, but are not widely accepted as distinct.[
]
Cultivation and decorative uses
Shrubby cinquefoil is a popular ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that i ...
in temperate regions. Different cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s are variable with flowers ranging from white to yellow, orange and pink, but they are all hardy plants that produce flowers for much of the summer. The flowers are always small, flat, and round, but there are many dozens on each bush. It is very often used by cities and businesses for landscaping because of its hardiness and low maintenance. It was introduced into cultivation in the 18th century, but many of the modern cultivars, particularly those with orange or red flowers, derive from collections by Reginald Farrer
Reginald John Farrer (17 February 1880 – 17 October 1920), was a traveller and plant collector. He published a number of books, although is best known for ''My Rock Garden''. He travelled to Asia in search of a variety of plants, many of wh ...
in western China in the early 20th century.[ The vast majority of sellers and gardeners still use the old name ''Potentilla fruticosa''.
All the characteristics of small leaves, delicate flowers, and orange to brown flaky bark make the shrubby cinquefoil suitable for ]Bonsai
Bonsai ( ja, 盆栽, , tray planting, ) is the Japanese art of growing and training miniature trees in pots, developed from the traditional Chinese art form of ''penjing''. Unlike ''penjing'', which utilizes traditional techniques to produce ...
. It is very popular in Japan and is gaining popularity in Europe.
Cultivars
Below is a recommended selection of over 130 cultivars which have been named. Those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
's Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
.[
*'Abbotswood' - large white flowers and bluish green foliage.
*'Beanii' - green foliage and white flowers.
*'Chelsea Star' - small yellow flowers.
*'Coronation Triumph' - medium-bright yellow flowers, plants are drought- and cold-tolerant and heavy bloomers.
*'Daydawn' - salmon-pink flowers.
*'Day Dawn Viette' - peach-soft rose flowers highlighted with cream.
*'Elizabeth' - yellow flowers to 3.5 cm diameter.
*'Farreri' - leaves mostly with seven leaflets, flowers golden yellow.
*'Farrer's White' - as 'Farreri', but with white flowers.
]
*'Goldfinger' - deep golden-yellow flowers on plants with dark green foliage, good plant form and heavy flowering.
*'Groneland' - white flowers tinged yellow.
*'Hopleys Orange' - orange flowers
*'Jackman's Variety' - yellow flowers
*'Katherine Dykes' - gracefully arching branches with lemon-yellow flowers, medium green foliage; needs regular trimming to keep from becoming leggy
*'King Cup' - bright yellow flowers similar to kingcup
''Caltha palustris'', known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous flowering plant, plant of the buttercup family, native plant, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the ...
*'Klondike' - large bright yellow flowers, 3.5–4 cm diameter
*'Limelight' - pale yellow flowers with darker centres
* = 'Marrob' (PBR) - red flowers, yellow on reverse
*'Maanelys' ('Moonlight') - leaves blue-green, flowers pale yellow
*'Mckay's White' - creamy white flowers
*'Medicine Wheel Mountain' - almost prostrate with bright yellow flowers
*'Mount Everest' - flowers large, 3-3.5 cm, white
*'Pink Beauty' - deep pink flowers
*'Pink Queen' - pink flowers
*'Primrose Beauty' - pale yellow flowers, silver tinted foliage;
*'Pyrenaica' - prostrate, to 20 cm tall; leaves mostly with three leaflets; flowers golden yellow
*'Red Ace' - bushy, upright shrub bearing profusions of single bright orange flowers from early summer to first frost
*'Snowbird' - double flowers with 12–15 white petals. Blooms more than 'Abbotswood' and has dark green foliage
*'Sommerflor' - golden yellow flowers
*'Tangerine' - as 'Farreri', but with orange-red flowers
*'Vilmoriniana' - vigorous, to 1.3 m tall; leaves grey-white hairy, flowers ivory white to pale yellow
*'Walton Park' - flowers very large, 3.5–4 cm, golden yellow
*'William Purdom' - leaves mostly with seven leaflets, flowers pale yellow
*'Yellow Bird' - bright yellow semi-double flowers with 8–10 petals; medium green foliage and winter hardy
References
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q161169, from2=Q6083585
Potentilleae
Flora of Europe
Flora of North America
Flora of temperate Asia
Dioecious plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus