, officially ,
was the title of the
military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the
Kamakura period
The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle bet ...
, shoguns were themselves figureheads, with real power in hands of the
Shikken
The was a titular post held by a member of the Hōjō clan, officially a regent of the shogunate, from 1199 to 1333, during the Kamakura period, and so he was head of the ''bakufu'' (shogunate). It was part of the era referred to as .
During rou ...
of the
Hōjō clan. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, though over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese. ...
in the eighth and ninth centuries. When
Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...
gained political ascendency over Japan in 1185, the title was revived to regularize his position, making him the first shogun in the usually understood sense.
The shogun's officials were collectively referred to as the ; they were the ones who carried out the actual duties of administration, while the Imperial court retained only nominal authority.
[Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868'', p. 321.] The tent symbolized the shogun's role as the military's field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary. Nevertheless, the institution, known in English as the shogunate (), persisted for nearly 700 years, ending when
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Prince was the 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned of his position as shogun in late 1867, while aiming ...
relinquished the office to
Emperor Meiji in 1867 as part of the
Meiji Restoration
The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ...
.
Etymology
![Kanji shogun](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kanji_shogun.png)
The term is the abbreviation of the historical title ''Sei-i Taishōgun'' 征 (''sei'', せい) means "conquer" or "subjugate" and 夷 (''i'', い) means "barbarian" or "savage". 大 (''dai'', だい) means "great", (''shō'', しょう) means "commander" and 軍 (''gun'', ぐん) means "army". Thus, a translation of ''Seii Taishōgun'' would be "Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians".
The term originally referred to the general who commanded the army sent to fight the tribes of northern Japan, but after the twelfth century, the term was used to designate the leader of the ''
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
''. The term is often translated ''
generalissimo
''Generalissimo'' ( ) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used.
Usage
The word (), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of ('general') thus me ...
'' and is also used for such military leaders of foreign nations by Japanese.
Bakufu
The administration of a shogun is called in Japanese and literally means "government from the ". During battles, the head of the samurai army would sit in a scissor chair inside a semi-open tent, called a ''maku'', that exhibited its respective
mon or
blazon
In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb ''to blazon'' means to create such a description. The vis ...
. The application of the term ''bakufu'' to the shogun government shows an extremely strong and representative symbolism.
[Turnbull, 2006a:207.]
Titles
Historically, similar terms to ''Seii Taishōgun'' were used with varying degrees of responsibility, although none of them had equal or more importance than ''Seii Taishōgun''. Some of them were:
*
[Friday, 2007:108.]
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
History
First shogun
There is no consensus among the various authors since some sources consider
Tajihi no Agatamori the first, others say
Ōtomo no Otomaro
was a Japanese general of the Nara period and of the early Heian period. He was the first to hold the title of '' sei-i taishōgun''. The title of Shōgun was bestowed by Emperor Kanmu in 794. Some believe he was born in 727. His father was Ōt ...
, other sources assure that the first was
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
was a court noble, general and ''shōgun'' of the early Heian period of Japan. He served as Dainagon, Minister of War and ''Ukon'e no Taisho'' (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards). He held the '' kabane'' of Ōsukune ...
, while others avoid the problem by just mentioning from the first
Kamakura
is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939.
Kamak ...
shogun
Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...
.
Heian period (794–1185)
![Sakanoue Tamuramaro](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Sakanoue_Tamuramaro.jpg)
Originally, the title of ''Sei-i Taishōgun'' ("Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians")
[''The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary'', ] was given to military commanders during the early
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese. ...
for the duration of military campaigns against the
Emishi
The (also called Ebisu and Ezo), written with Chinese characters that literally mean "shrimp barbarians," constituted an ancient ethnic group of people who lived in parts of Honshū, especially in the Tōhoku region, referred to as in contemp ...
, who resisted the governance of the
Kyoto
Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ci ...
-based imperial court.
Ōtomo no Otomaro
was a Japanese general of the Nara period and of the early Heian period. He was the first to hold the title of '' sei-i taishōgun''. The title of Shōgun was bestowed by Emperor Kanmu in 794. Some believe he was born in 727. His father was Ōt ...
was the first ''Sei-i Taishōgun''. The most famous of these shoguns was
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
was a court noble, general and ''shōgun'' of the early Heian period of Japan. He served as Dainagon, Minister of War and ''Ukon'e no Taisho'' (Major Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards). He held the '' kabane'' of Ōsukune ...
.
In the later Heian period, one more shogun was appointed.
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
, , or Lord Kiso was a general from the late Heian period of Japanese history. A member of the Minamoto clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was his cousin and rival during the Genpei War between the Minamoto and the Taira clans. Yoshinaka was born in Musas ...
was named ''sei-i taishōgun'' during the
Genpei War
The was a national civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself ...
, only to be killed shortly thereafter by
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
was a military commander of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura periods. During the Genpei War, he led a series of battles which toppled the Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan, helping his half-brother Yoritomo conso ...
.
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811)
was a Japanese general who fought against the
Emishi
The (also called Ebisu and Ezo), written with Chinese characters that literally mean "shrimp barbarians," constituted an ancient ethnic group of people who lived in parts of Honshū, especially in the Tōhoku region, referred to as in contemp ...
tribes of northern Japan (settled in the territory that today integrates the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa). Tamarumaro was the first general to bend these tribes, integrating their territory to that of the
Yamato State
The was a tribal alliance centered on the Yamato region (Nara Prefecture) from the 4th century to the 7th century, and ruled over the alliance of noble families in the central and western parts of the Japanese archipelago. The age is from th ...
. For his military feats he was named Seii Taishōgun and probably because he was the first to win the victory against the northern tribes he is generally recognized as the first shogun in history.
(Note: according to historical sources
Ōtomo no Otomaro
was a Japanese general of the Nara period and of the early Heian period. He was the first to hold the title of '' sei-i taishōgun''. The title of Shōgun was bestowed by Emperor Kanmu in 794. Some believe he was born in 727. His father was Ōt ...
also had the title of Seii Taishōgun).
Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)
![Minamoto no Yoritomo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg)
In the early 11th century, ''
daimyō
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and n ...
'' protected by
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
came to dominate internal Japanese politics.
Two of the most powerful families – the
Taira
The Taira was one of the four most important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi Periods of Japanese history – the others being the Fujiwara, the Tachibana, and the Minamoto. The clan is divided ...
and
Minamoto
was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were excluded from the line of succession and demoted into the ranks of the nobility from 1192 to 1333. The practice was most prevalent during th ...
– fought for control over the declining imperial court. The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185, but was defeated by the Minamoto in the
Battle of Dan-no-ura.
Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...
seized power from the central government and aristocracy and by 1192 established a
feudal system
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structur ...
based in
Kamakura
is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939.
Kamak ...
in which the private military, the
samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
, gained some political powers while the Emperor and the
aristocracy
Aristocracy (, ) is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocracy (class), aristocrats. The term derives from the el, αριστοκρατία (), meaning 'rule of the best'.
At t ...
remained the ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...
'' rulers.
[ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)]
"''Kamakura-jidai''"
in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of ''Sei-i Taishōgun'' by
Emperor Go-Toba
was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198.
This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as "later"; an ...
and the political system he developed with a succession of shoguns as the head became known as a shogunate.
Hojo Masako
Hojo or Hōjō may refer to:
Hojo or HoJo:
*Howard Johnson's, a U.S. chain of restaurants and hotels
*A nickname for Howard Johnson
*A nickname for Howard Jones
*A nickname for Howard Jones
*MGR-1 Honest John, the first nuclear-capable missile ...
's (Yoritomo's wife) family, the
Hōjō, seized power from the Kamakura shoguns. When Yoritomo's sons and heirs were assassinated, the shogun himself became a hereditary figurehead. Real power rested with the Hōjō regents. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.
The end of the Kamakura shogunate came when
Kamakura
is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939.
Kamak ...
fell in 1333, and the
Hōjō Regency was destroyed. Determined to restore power to the Imperial Court, in 1331
Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 ''Go-Daigo-tennō'') (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')後醍醐天皇 (96) retrieved 2013-8-28. according to the traditional order ...
tried to overthrow the shogunate. As a result, Daigo was exiled. Around 1334–1336,
Ashikaga Takauji
was the founder and first '' shōgun'' of the Ashikaga shogunate."Ashikaga Takauji" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Murom ...
helped Daigo regain his throne in the
Kenmu Restoration
The was a three-year period of Imperial rule in Japanese history between the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period from 1333 to 1336.
The Kenmu Restoration was an effort made by Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the ruling Kamakura Shogunate a ...
.
The fight against the shogunate left the
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
with too many people claiming a limited supply of land. Takauji turned against the Emperor when the discontent about the distribution of land grew great enough. In 1336 Daigo was banished again, in favor of a new Emperor,
leading to the creation of the new
Ashikaga shogunate
The , also known as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Muromachi-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 669.
The Ashikaga shogunate was establ ...
.
During the Kenmu Restoration, after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, another short-lived shogun arose.
Prince Moriyoshi
(1308 – August 12, 1335) was a Japanese prince and monk.
He was the son of Emperor Go-Daigo and his consort Minamoto no Chikako.
Moriyoshi was named by his father as the head abbot of the Enryaku-ji temple on Mount Hiei.
Go-Daigo attempted t ...
(Morinaga), son of Go-Daigo, was awarded the title of ''Sei-i Taishōgun''. However, Prince Moriyoshi was later put under
house arrest
In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence. Travel is usually restricted, if all ...
and, in 1335, killed by
Ashikaga Tadayoshi.
Ashikaga (Muromachi) shogunate (1336/1338–1573)
![Ashikaga Takauji Jōdo-ji](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Ashikaga_Takauji_J%C5%8Ddo-ji.jpg)
In 1336 or 1338,
Ashikaga Takauji
was the founder and first '' shōgun'' of the Ashikaga shogunate."Ashikaga Takauji" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Murom ...
, like Minamoto no Yoritomo, a descendant of the
Minamoto
was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were excluded from the line of succession and demoted into the ranks of the nobility from 1192 to 1333. The practice was most prevalent during th ...
princes,
was awarded the title of ''sei-i taishōgun'' and established the
Ashikaga shogunate
The , also known as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Muromachi-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 669.
The Ashikaga shogunate was establ ...
, which nominally lasted until 1573. The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, and the time during which they ruled is also known as the
Muromachi period
The is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate (''Muromachi bakufu'' or ''Ashikaga bakufu''), which was officially established in 1338 by t ...
.
For the first fifty years of the Shogunate the Ashikaga were unable to assert power over the entire country, as the descendants of Go-Daigo formed a
rival court challenging their authority in the
Nanboku-chō period
The Nanboku-chō period (南北朝時代, ''Nanboku-chō jidai'', "North and South court period", also known as the Northern and Southern Courts period), spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the formative years of the Mur ...
. Finally in 1392, the Southern Court surrendered to the
Northern Court
The , also known as the Ashikaga Pretenders or Northern Pretenders, were a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392. The present Imperial House of Japan is descended from the Northern Cour ...
and the authority of the bakufu.
Following the
Onin War Onin may refer to:
* Ōnin, a Japanese era
** Ōnin War
* Onin peninsula, on the Bomberai Peninsula
Bomberai Peninsula ( id, Semenanjung Bomberai), otherwise known as the Bird's Beak Peninsula ( id, Semenanjung Paruh Burung), is located in the Wes ...
the power of the Ashikaga Shoguns slowly dwindled and with the start of the
Sengoku period
The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615.
The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...
were reduced to puppets of various warlords, until ultimately the last Muromachi Shogun,
Ashikaga Yoshiaki
"Ashikaga Yoshiaki" in ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 625. was the 15th and final ''shōgun'' of the Ashikaga shogunate in Japan who reigned from 1568 to 1573.Ackroyd, J ...
was deposed in 1573.
Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1600)
With the end of the Ashikaga bakufu
Oda Nobunaga
was a Japanese ''daimyō'' and one of the leading figures of the Sengoku period. He is regarded as the first "Great Unifier" of Japan.
Nobunaga was head of the very powerful Oda clan, and launched a war against other ''daimyō'' to unify ...
and his successor,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
, otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Cour ...
, rose to power, governing using the court titles of
Imperial Regent and gaining far greater power than any of their predecessors in those offices had. Hideyoshi is considered by many historians to be among Japan's greatest rulers, yet neither man was ever formally granted the title of Shogun.
Tokugawa shogunate (1600–1868)
![Shogun-Tokugawa-Ieyasu](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Shogun-Tokugawa-Ieyasu.png)
After Hideyoshi's death following the
failed invasion of Korea,
Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow ...
seized power with the victory at the
Battle of Sekigahara
The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of ...
and established a shogunate government at
Edo (now known as
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...
) in 1600. He received the title ''sei-i taishōgun'' in 1603, after he forged a family tree to show he was of
Minamoto
was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were excluded from the line of succession and demoted into the ranks of the nobility from 1192 to 1333. The practice was most prevalent during the ...
descent. The
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
lasted until 1867, when
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Prince was the 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned of his position as shogun in late 1867, while aiming ...
resigned as shogun and abdicated his authority to
Emperor Meiji.
Ieyasu set a precedent in 1605 when he retired as shogun in favour of his son
Tokugawa Hidetada
was the second ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. He was the third son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Early life (1579–1593)
Tokugawa Hidetada was bo ...
, though he maintained power from behind the scenes as (, cloistered shogun).
During the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characteriz ...
, effective power rested with the Tokugawa shogun, not the Emperor in
Kyoto
Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ci ...
, even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the Emperor was ceremonial, similar to the position of the
Japanese monarchy
The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his position is derived from "the wi ...
after the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.
The Honjō Masamune was inherited by successive shoguns and it represented the Tokugawa shogunate.
[http://internal.tbi.net/~max/ff9ref2.htm History of Masamune by Jim Kurrasch ] It was crafted by swordsmith
Masamune
, was a medieval Japanese blacksmith widely acclaimed as Japan's greatest swordsmith. He created swords and daggers, known in Japanese as ''tachi'' and ''tantō'', in the ''Sōshū'' school. However, many of his forged ''tachi'' were made into ...
(1264–1343) and recognized as one of the finest Japanese swords in history. After World War 2, in December 1945,
Tokugawa Iemasa
Prince also known as Iyemasa, was a Japanese political figure of the Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He was the 17th hereditary head of the former shogunal branch of the Tokugawa clan and the final President of the House of Peers in the ...
gave the sword to a police station at
Mejiro and it went missing.
Timelines
Timeline of the Kamakura shogunate
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1190 till:1335
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:20 start:1190
Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:PA value:green
id:GP value:red
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:Shogun
PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:Shogun
from:1192 till:1199 color:PA text:"Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after hi ...
(1192–1199)"
from:1202 till:1203 color:PA text:" Yoriie (1202–1203)"
from:1203 till:1219 color:PA text:" Sanetomo (1203–1219)"
from:1226 till:1244 color:PA text:" Yoritsune (1226–1244)"
from:1244 till:1252 color:PA text:" Yoritsugu (1244–1252)"
from:1252 till:1266 color:PA text:" Munetaka (1252–1266)"
from:1266 till:1289 color:PA text:" Koreyasu (1266–1289)"
from:1289 till:1308 color:PA text:" Hisaaki (1289–1308)"
from:1308 till:1333 color:PA text:" Morikuni (1308–1333)"
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Timeline of the Ashikaga shogunate
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from:1338 till:1358 color:PA text:" Takauji (1338–1358)"
from:1358 till:1367 color:PA text:" Yoshiakira (1358–1367)"
from:1368 till:1394 color:PA text:"Yoshimitsu
is a name used by three different characters who appear in the ''Tekken'' and ''Soulcalibur'' series of fighting games by Namco.
The first version of Yoshimitsu made his debut in the original ''Tekken (video game), Tekken'' in 1994. The second ...
(1368–1394)"
from:1394 till:1423 color:PA text:" Yoshimochi (1394–1423)"
from:1423 till:1425 color:PA text:" Yoshikazu (1423–1425)"
from:1429 till:1441 color:PA text:" Yoshinori (1429–1441)"
from:1442 till:1443 color:PA text:" Yoshikatsu (1442–1443)"
from:1449 till:1473 color:PA text:" Yoshimasa (1449–1473)"
from:1473 till:1489 color:PA text:" Yoshihisa (1473–1489)"
from:1490 till:1493 color:PA text:" Yoshitane (1490–1493)"
from:1494 till:1508 color:PA text:"Yoshizumi
Yoshizumi (written: 良純, 宜純, 佳純, 義澄 or 義処) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
*, Japanese shōgun
*, Japanese weather forecaster, television personality and actor
*, Japanese molecular biol ...
(1494–1508)"
from:1508 till:1521 color:PA text:" Yoshitane (1508–1521)"
from:1521 till:1546 color:PA text:" Yoshiharu (1521–1546)"
from:1546 till:1565 color:PA text:" Yoshiteru (1546–1565)"
from:1568 till:1568 color:PA text:" Yoshihide (1568)"
from:1568 till:1573 color:PA text:"Yoshiaki
Yoshiaki is a masculine Japanese given name.
Possible writings
Yoshiaki can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:
*義明, "justice, bright"
*義昭, "justice, bright"
*義章, "justice, chapte ...
(1568–1573)"
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Timeline of the Tokugawa shogunate
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Period = from:1600 till:1870
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from:1603 till:1605 color:PA text:"Ieyasu
was the founder and first '' shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and f ...
(1603–1605)"
from:1605 till:1623 color:PA text:"Hidetada
was the second ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1605 until his abdication in 1623. He was the third son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Early life (1579–1593)
Tokugawa Hidetada was bo ...
(1605–1623)"
from:1623 till:1651 color:PA text:"Iemitsu
Tokugawa Iemitsu (徳川 家光, August 12, 1604 – June 8, 1651) was the third ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada with Oeyo, and the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Lady Kasuga was his wet nurse, who a ...
(1623–1651)"
from:1651 till:1680 color:PA text:" Ietsuna (1651–1680)"
from:1680 till:1709 color:PA text:"Tsunayoshi
was the fifth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, as well as the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.Nussbaum, Louis-Fr ...
(1680–1709)"
from:1709 till:1712 color:PA text:"Ienobu
(June 11, 1662 – November 12, 1712) was the sixth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Tsunashige, thus making him the nephew of Tokugawa Ietsuna and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the grandson of Tokugawa Iem ...
(1709–1712)"
from:1713 till:1716 color:PA text:" Ietsugu (1713–1716)"
from:1716 till:1745 color:PA text:" Yoshimune (1716–1745)"
from:1745 till:1760 color:PA text:" Ieshige (1745–1760)"
from:1760 till:1786 color:PA text:" Ieharu (1760–1786)"
from:1786 till:1837 color:PA text:" Ienari (1787–1837)"
from:1837 till:1853 color:PA text:" Ieyoshi (1837–1853)"
from:1853 till:1858 color:PA text:" Iesada (1853–1858)"
from:1858 till:1866 color:PA text:" Iemochi (1858–1866)"
from:1867 till:1868 color:PA text:" Yoshinobu (1867–1868)"
barset:skip
Shogunate
![Shogun-Hearing-in-Fukiage-by-Toyohara-Chikanobu-1889](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Shogun-Hearing-in-Fukiage-by-Toyohara-Chikanobu-1889.png)
The term originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time, became a
metonym
Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
Etymology
The words ''metonymy'' and ''metonym'' come from grc, μετωνυμία, 'a change of name' ...
for the system of government dominated by a feudal
military dictatorship
A military dictatorship is a dictatorship in which the military exerts complete or substantial control over political authority, and the dictator is often a high-ranked military officer.
The reverse situation is to have civilian control of the m ...
, exercised in the name of the shogun or by the shogun himself. Therefore, various ''bakufu'' held absolute power over the country (territory ruled at that time) without pause from 1192 to 1867, glossing over actual power, clan and title transfers.
The shogunate system was originally established under the
Kamakura shogunate
The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459.
The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Y ...
by
Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...
after the
Genpei War
The was a national civil war between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself ...
, although theoretically the state (and therefore the Emperor) still held ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...
'' ownership of all land in Japan. The system had some
feudal
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a wa ...
elements, with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones.
Samurai
were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...
were rewarded for their loyalty with agricultural surplus, usually rice, or labor services from
peasant
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants ...
s. In contrast to European feudal
knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the Gr ...
s, samurai were not landowners. The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between the ''
daimyō
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and n ...
'', samurai, and their subordinates.
Each shogunate was dynamic, not static. Power was constantly shifting and authority was often ambiguous. The study of the ebbs and flows in this complex history continues to occupy the attention of scholars. Each shogunate encountered competition. Sources of competition included the Emperor and the court aristocracy, the remnants of the imperial governmental systems, the ''daimyōs'', the ''
shōen
A was a field or manor in Japan. The Japanese term comes from the Tang dynasty Chinese term "莊園" (Mandarin: ''zhuāngyuán'', Cantonese: ''zong1 jyun4'').
Shōen, from about the 8th to the late 15th century, describes any of the private, ...
'' system, the great temples and shrines, the ''
sōhei
were Buddhist warrior monks of both classical and feudal Japan. At certain points in history, they held considerable power, obliging the imperial and military governments to collaborate.
The prominence of the ''sōhei'' rose in parallel wi ...
'', the ''
shugo
, commonly translated as “(military) governor,” “protector,” or “constable,” was a title given to certain officials in feudal Japan. They were each appointed by the ''shōgun'' to oversee one or more of the provinces of Japan. The pos ...
'' and ''
jitō
were medieval territory stewards in Japan, especially in the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. Appointed by the ''shōgun'', ''jitō'' managed manors including national holdings governed by the provincial governor ( kokushi). There were also d ...
'', the ''
jizamurai
The were lords of smaller rural domains in feudal Japan.Harold Britho, 'The Han', in John Whitney Hall, ed., ''The Cambridge History of Japan, volume 4: Early Modern Period'' (Cambridge UP, 1988), 183–234, They often used their relatively sma ...
'' and early modern ''daimyō''. Each shogunate reflected the necessity of new ways of balancing the changing requirements of central and regional authorities.
Relationship with the emperor
![Imperial Seal of Japan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg)
Since
Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1192 until 1199.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Minamoto no Yoriie" in . He was the husband of Hōjō Masako who acted as regent (''shikken'') after his ...
turned the figure of the shogun into a permanent and hereditary position and until the
Meiji Restoration
The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ...
there were two ruling classes in Japan: 1. the emperor or ,
[Mitchelhill & Green, 2003:59.] who acted as "chief priest" of the official religion of the country,
Shinto
Shinto () is a religion from Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners ''Shintois ...
, and 2. the shogun, head of the army who also enjoyed civil, military, diplomatic and judicial authority.
[Kuno, 2007:245.] Although in theory the shogun was an emperor's servant, it became the true power behind the throne.
No shogun tried to usurp the throne, even when they had at their disposal the military power of the territory. There were two reasons primarily:
*Theoretically the shogun received the power of the emperor, so this was his symbol of authority.
*There was a sentimentalist tradition created by priests and religious who traced the imperial line from the "age of the gods" into an "eternal line unbroken by the times." According to Japanese mythology, the emperor was a direct descendant of
Amaterasu
Amaterasu, also known as Amaterasu Ōmikami () or Ōhirume no Muchi no Kami (), is the goddess of the sun in Japanese mythology. One of the major deities (''kami'') of Shinto, she is also portrayed in Japan's earliest literary texts, the ''Kojik ...
, goddess of the
sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun radiates this energy mainly as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radi ...
.
Unable to usurp the throne, the shoguns sought throughout history to keep the emperor away from the country's political activity, relegating them from the sphere of influence. One of the few powers that the imperial house could retain was that of being able to "control time" through the designation of the Japanese
Nengō
The , also known as , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being ""), followed by the literal ...
or Eras and the issuance of calendars.
Emperors twice tried to recover the power they enjoyed before the establishment of the shogunate. In 1219 the
Emperor Go-Toba
was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198.
This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as "later"; an ...
accused the Hōjō as outlaws. Imperial troops mobilized, leading to the
Jōkyū War
, also known as the Jōkyū Disturbance or the Jōkyū Rebellion, was fought in Japan between the forces of Retired Emperor Go-Toba and those of the Hōjō clan, regents of the Kamakura shogunate, whom the retired emperor was trying to overthr ...
(1219–1221), which would culminate in the third
Battle of Uji (1221)
The third battle at the Uji River was the primary battle of the Jōkyū War in Japan. Bakufu forces led by Imperial regent Hōjō Yoshitoki sought to enter Kyoto and overthrow Emperor Go-Toba, using Uji and Seta as their gateways.
The Emperor's ...
. During this, the imperial troops were defeated and the emperor Go-Toba was exiled.
[Turnbull, 2006a:41.] With the defeat of Go-Toba, the samurai government over the country was confirmed.
At the beginning of the fourteenth century the
Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 ''Go-Daigo-tennō'') (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')後醍醐天皇 (96) retrieved 2013-8-28. according to the traditional order ...
decided to rebel, but the Hōjō, who were then regents, sent an army from Kamakura. The emperor fled before the troops arrived and took the imperial insignia.
[Turnbull, 2006a:43.] The shogun named his own emperor, giving rise to the era .
During the 1850s and 1860s, the shogunate was severely pressured both abroad and by foreign powers. It was then that various groups angry with the shogunate for the concessions made to the various European countries found in the figure of the emperor an ally through which they could expel the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
from power. The motto of this movement was and they finally succeeded in 1868, when imperial power was restored after centuries of being in the shadow of the country's political life.
Legacy
Upon Japan's surrender after World War II, American Army General
Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army. He had served with distinction in World War I, was C ...
became Japan's ''de facto'' ruler during the years of occupation. So great was his influence in Japan that he has been dubbed the .
Today, the head of the
Japanese government
The Government of Japan consists of legislative, executive and judiciary branches and is based on popular sovereignty. The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, c ...
is the
Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...
; the usage of the term "shogun" has nevertheless continued in
colloquialism
Colloquialism (), also called colloquial language, everyday language or general parlance, is the style (sociolinguistics), linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It is the most common functional style of speech, the idiom norm ...
s. A retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power and influence behind the scenes is called a ,
a sort of modern incarnation of the
cloistered rule
was a form of government in Japan during the Heian period. In this bifurcated system, an emperor abdicated, but retained power and influence. Those retired emperors who withdrew to live in monasteries (''in'') continued to act in ways intended to ...
. Examples of "shadow shoguns" are former Prime Minister
Kakuei Tanaka
was a Japanese politician who served in the House of Representatives (Japan), House of Representatives from 1947 Japanese general election, 1947 to 1990 Japanese general election, 1990, and was Prime Minister of Japan from 1972 to 1974.
After ...
and the politician
Ichirō Ozawa
is a Japanese politician and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 1969, representing the Iwate 3rd district (Iwate 2nd district prior to the 1996 general election and Iwate 4th district prior to the 2017 general election). H ...
.
See also
*
Commander-in-chief
*
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structur ...
*
Kantō kubō
(also called , , or ) was a title equivalent to ''shōgun'' assumed by Ashikaga Motouji after his nomination to ''Kantō kanrei'', or deputy shōgun for the Kamakura-fu, in 1349.Kokushi Daijiten (1983:542) Motouji transferred his original title t ...
*
History of Japan
The first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago have been traced to prehistoric times around 30,000 BC. The Jōmon period, named after its cord-marked pottery, was followed by the Yayoi period in the first millennium BC when new inven ...
*
List of shoguns
This article is a list of shoguns that ruled Japan intermittently, as hereditary military dictators, from the beginning of the Asuka period in 709 until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868.
Asuka / Heian periods (709–1184)
Note: there ar ...
References
Bibliography
* Adolphson, Mikael; Edward Kamens, Stacie Matsumoto (2007). ''Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries.'' University of Hawaii Press. .
*
Friday, Karl (2007). ''The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado.'' John Wiley and Sons. .
* Hall, John Whitney; James L. McClain, Marius B. Jansen (1991). ''The Cambridge History of Japan.'' Cambridge University Press. .
* Iwao, Seiichi; Teizō Iyanaga, Maison Franco-Japonaise Tōkyō, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida (2002). Maisonneuve & Larose. .
* Cranston, Edwin (1998). ''A Waka Anthology: Volume One: The Gem-Glistening Cup''.
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It was among the presses officially ...
. .
* Sansom, George Bailey (1931). ''Japan: A Short Cultural History.'' Stanford University Press. .
* Takekoshi, Yosaburō (2004). ''The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan.'' Taylor & Francis. .
* Shively, Donald; John Whitney Hall, William H. McCullough (1999). ''The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan.'' Cambridge University Press. .
* De Bary, William Theodore; Yoshiko Kurata Dykstra; George Tanabe; Paul Varley (2001). ''Sources of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600.'' Columbia University Press. .
* Turnbull, Stephen (2005). ''Samurai Commanders (1) 940–1576.'' Osprey Publishing. .
* Turnbull, Stephen (2006a). ''Samuráis, la historia de los grandes guerreros de Japón''. Libsa. ISBN 84-662-1229-9.
* Deal, William (2007). ''Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan.'' Oxford University Press US. .
* Perkins, Dorothy (1998). ''The Samurai of Japan: A Chronology from Their Origin in the Heian Era (794–1185) to the Modern Era.'' Diane Publishing. .
* Perkins, George. (1998). ''The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185–1333).'' Stanford University Press. .
* Murdoch, James (1996). ''A History of Japan: 1652–1868.'' Routledge. .
* Hall, John Whitney (1 January 1977). ''Japan in the Muromachi Age''. University of California Press. p. 11. .
* Grossberg, Kenneth A. (1976). "From Feudal Chieftain to Secular Monarch. The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan". ''Monumenta Nipponica''. 31 (1): 34.
doi:10.2307/2384184.
ISSN
An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSNs ...
0027-0741.
*
*
* Andressen, Curtis; Milton Osborne (2002). ''A Short History of Japan: From Samurai to Sony''. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-516-2.
* Ramírez-Faria, Carlos. ''Concise Encyclopedia of World History''. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-269-0775-4.
* Mitchelhill, Jennifer; David Green (2003). ''Castles of the Samurai: Power and Beauty''. Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2954-3.
* Kuno, Yoshi (2007). Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent - Volume I. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-2253-7.
* Davis, Paul (2001). ''100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present''.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...
US. ISBN 0-19-514366-3.
Further reading
*
Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868''. London:
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...
.
eprinted_by_RoutledgeCurzon,_London,_2001.__(cloth).html" ;"title="RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)">RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)*
*
*
*Department of Asian Art. "Shoguns and Art". In ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
*
*
*
*Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser, eds. (1985). ''The Bakufu in Japanese History.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press.
*
*
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
OCLC 48943301*
*
*
*George Bailey Sansom, Sansom, George. 1961. ''A History of Japan, 1134–1615''. Stanford:
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It was among the presses officially ...
.
*
*Stephane Lun 倫世豪. ''A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management''. 2021 Kindle Paperwhite version. Amazon.com
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shogun
Shōguns,
Military ranks of Japan
Government of feudal Japan
Positions of authority
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Military history of feudal Japan
2nd millennium in Japan