Shina ( ) is an
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pa ...
spoken by the
Shina people
The Shina or shin ( Shina: ݜݨیاٗ, ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group primarily residing in Gilgit–Baltistan and Indus Kohistan in Pakistan, as well as in the Dras Valley and Kishenganga Valley ( Gurez) in the northern region ...
.
In
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...
, Shina is the major language in
Gilgit-Baltistan spoken by an estimated 1,146,000 people living mainly in
Gilgit-Baltistan and
Kohistan
Kohistan ( fa, کوہستان, ), also transliterated Kuhistan, Kuhiston, Quhistan, may refer to:
In Afghanistan
*Kohistan District, Kapisa, Kapisa Province
** Kohistan Hesa Awal District, a district in Kapisa Province, created within the form ...
.
[{{Cite book , last1=Saxena , first1=Anju , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8DAmULPQU0C&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PA137 , title=Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology , last2=Borin , first2=Lars , date=2008-08-22 , publisher=Walter de Gruyter , isbn=978-3-11-019778-5 , pages=137 , language=en , quote=Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).] A small community of Shina speakers is also found in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
, in the
Guraiz
Gurez, or Gurais (''Guráai'' in the local Shina language), is a valley located in the high Himalayas, about from Bandipore and from Srinagar, to the north of the Kashmir valley. At about above sea level, the valley is surrounded by snow- ...
valley of
Jammu and Kashmir and in
Dras tehsil of the
Kargil district of
Ladakh
Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu ...
.
Outliers of Shina language such as
Brokskat
Brokskat (), or Minaro is an Indo-Aryan language mainly spoken in the Aryan valley of Ladakh, India and its surrounding areas. It is an endangered language spoken by only 2858 people in Ladakh, India and 400 people in Ganokh, Baltistan, Pak ...
is found in
Ladakh
Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu ...
,
Kundal Shahi in
Azad Kashmir,
Palula and
Sawi in
Chitral,
Ushojo in the
Swat Valley
Swat District (, ps, سوات ولسوالۍ, ) is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. With a population of 2,309,570 per the 2017 national census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa pro ...
and
Kalkoti in
Dir.
Until recently, there was no writing system of the language. A number of schemes have been proposed and there is no single writing system used by all of the speakers of Shina language. Shina is also mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers also do not write their language.
Distribution
In Pakistan
There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and
Kohistani Shina
Kohistani Shina is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. According to '' Ethnologue'', Kohistani Shina is mutually intelligible with the Shina variety of Chilas, but not with th ...
in
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...
according to
Ethnologue (2018), a majority of them residing in the province of
Khyber-Pakhtunkwa and
Gilgit-Baltistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in
Neelam valley
The district of Neelum (spelt also ''Neelam''; ur, ) is the northernmost of 10 districts located within the Pakistani-administered territory of Azad Kashmir. Taking up the larger part of the Neelam Valley, the district has a population of ar ...
of
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (; ), abbreviated as AJK and colloquially referred to as simply Azad Kashmir, is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entitySee:
*
*
* and constituting the western portion of the larger K ...
.
In India
A small community of Shinar speakers is also settled in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
in the far north of
Kargil district bordering
Gilgit-Baltistan. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to
2011 census.
Writing
{{Arabic-script sidebar, Shina
Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.{{sfn, Bashir, 2003, p=823, ps =. "Of the languages discussed here, Shina (Pakistan) and Khowar have developed a written tradition and a significant body of written material exists." However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago{{sfn, Schmidt, 2003/2004, p=61 and there still is not a standard
orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.
Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and ...
.{{sfn, Schmidt, Kohistani, 2008, p=14 Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on whether vowel length and tone should be represented.{{sfn, Bashir, 2016, p=806 For the Drasi variety spoken in the Indian union territories of
Ladakh
Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu ...
and
Jammu and Kashmir, there have been two proposed schemes, one with the
Perso-Arabic script
The Persian alphabet ( fa, الفبای فارسی, Alefbâye Fârsi) is a writing system that is a version of the Arabic script used for the Persian language spoken in Iran ( Western Persian) and Afghanistan (Dari Persian) since the 7th cen ...
and the other with the
Devanagari script
Devanagari ( ; , , Sanskrit pronunciation: ), also called Nagari (),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, , page 83 is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental syste ...
.
One proposed alphabet for Shina is the following:
[{{cite web, url=https://omniglot.com/writing/shina.htm , title=Shina's Writing System]{{Better source needed, date=September 2021
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Letter !! Romanization !!
IPA
IPA commonly refers to:
* India pale ale, a style of beer
* International Phonetic Alphabet, a system of phonetic notation
* Isopropyl alcohol, a chemical compound
IPA may also refer to:
Organizations International
* Insolvency Practitioners ...
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ا , , ʿ , , {{IPA, /ʔ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ب , , b , , {{IPA, /b/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, پ , , p , , {{IPA, /p/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ت , , t , , {{IPA, /t/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ٹ , , ṭ , , {{IPA, /ʈ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ث , , (s) , , {{IPA, /s/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ج , , ǰ , , {{IPA, /d͡ʒ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, چ , , č , , {{IPA, /t͡ʃ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ح , , (h) , , {{IPA, /h/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, خ , , ǩ , , {{IPA, /x/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, څ , , c , , {{IPA, /t͡s/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ځ , , j , , {{IPA, /d͡z/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ڇ , , ċ , , {{IPA, /ʈ͡ʂ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, د , , d , , {{IPA, /d/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ڈ , , ḍ , , {{IPA, /ɖ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ذ , , (z) , , {{IPA, /z/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ر , , r , , {{IPA, /r/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ڑ , , ṛ , , {{IPA, /ɽ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ز , , z , , {{IPA, /z/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ژ , , ž , , {{IPA, /ʒ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ڙ , , ż , , {{IPA, /ʐ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, س , , s , , {{IPA, /s/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ش , , š , , {{IPA, /ʃ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ݜ , , ṣ , , {{IPA, /ʂ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ص , , (s) , , {{IPA, /s/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ض , , (d) , , {{IPA, /d/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ط , , (t) , , {{IPA, /t/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ظ , , (z) , , {{IPA, /z/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ع , , ʿ , , {{IPA, /ʔ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, غ , , ǧ , , {{IPA, /ɣ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ڠ , , ŋ , , {{IPA, /ŋ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ف , , f , , {{IPA, /f/pʰ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ق , , (k) , , {{IPA, /k/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ک , , k , , {{IPA, /k/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, گ , , g , , {{IPA, /ɡ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ل , , l , , {{IPA, /l/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, م , , m , , {{IPA, /m/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ن , , n , , {{IPA, /n/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ݨ , , ṇ , , {{IPA, /ɳ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ں , , ˜ , , {{IPA, /˜/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, و , , w , , {{IPA, /ʊ~w/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ہ , , h, x , , {{IPA, /h/ɦ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ھ , , _h , , {{IPA, /ʰ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ء , , ʿ , , {{IPA, /ʔ/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ی , , y , , {{IPA, /j/
, -
, style="font-size:200%" , {{lang, scl, {{nq, ے , , e , , {{IPA, /e/
Phonology
The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.
Vowels
The Shina principal vowel sounds:{{sfn, Rajapurohit, 2012, p=28–31
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
, -
! rowspan="2", !! rowspan="2", Front !! rowspan="2", Mid !! colspan="2", Back
, -
! unrd. !! rnd.
, -
! High
, i , , , , , , u
, -
! High-mid
, e , , , , , , o
, -
! Low-mid
, ɛ , , ə , , ʌ , , ɔ
, -
!Low
, (æ)
, a , , , ,
All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.{{sfn, Rajapurohit, 2012, p=28–31 /æ/ is heard from loanwords.{{Sfn, Schmit & Kohistani, 2008, p=16
Diphthongs
In Shina there are the following diphthongs:{{sfn, Rajapurohit, 2012, p=32–33
* falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
* falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
* raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.
Consonants
In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final
OIA consonant cluster
In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word ''splits''. In the education fie ...
s, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.
[{{cite book , last=Itagi , first=N. H. , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQliAAAAMAAJ , title=Spatial aspects of language , publisher=]Central Institute of Indian Languages
The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) is an Indian research and teaching institute based in Mysuru, part of the Language Bureau of the Ministry of Education. It was founded on 17 July 1969.
Centres
The Central Institute of Indian Lan ...
, year=1994 , isbn=9788173420092 , page=73 , language=en , quote=The Shina dialects of India have retained both initial and final OIA consonant clusters. The Shina dialects of Pakistan have lost this distinction. , access-date=14 August 2017
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2",
!
Labial
The term ''labial'' originates from '' Labium'' (Latin for "lip"), and is the adjective that describes anything of or related to lips, such as lip-like structures. Thus, it may refer to:
* the lips
** In linguistics, a labial consonant
** In zoolog ...
!
Coronal
!
Retroflex
A retroflex (Help:IPA/English, /ˈɹɛtʃɹoːflɛks/), apico-domal (Help:IPA/English, /əpɪkoːˈdɔmɪnəl/), or cacuminal () consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated betw ...
!
Post-alv./
Palatal
The palate () is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separ ...
!
Velar
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum).
Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...
!
Uvular
Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. Uvulars may be stops, fricatives, nasals, trills, or approximants, though the IPA does not prov ...
!
Glottal
, -
! rowspan="4" ,
Stop
Stop may refer to:
Places
* Stop, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in the United States
* Stop (Rogatica), a village in Rogatica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Facilities
* Bus stop
* Truck stop, a type of rest stop for truck d ...
!
Voiceless
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies ...
, {{IPA, p
, {{IPA, t
, {{IPA, ʈ
,
, {{IPA, k
, {{IPA, q{{efn, name=Schmidt & Kohistani, Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
,
, -
!
Aspirated
, {{IPA, pʰ
, {{IPA, tʰ
, {{IPA, ʈʰ
,
, {{IPA, kʰ
,
,
, -
!
Voiced
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced.
The term, however, is used to refer ...
, {{IPA, b
, {{IPA, d
, {{IPA, ɖ
,
, {{IPA, ɡ
,
,
, -
!
Breathy{{efn, name=Schmidt & Kohistani, Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
, {{IPA, bʱ
, {{IPA, dʱ
, {{IPA, ɖʱ
,
, {{IPA, ɡʱ
,
,
, -
! rowspan="4" ,
Affricate
!
Voiceless
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies ...
,
, {{IPA, t͡s
, {{IPA, ʈ͡ʂ
, {{IPA, t͡ʃ
,
,
,
, -
!
Aspirated
,
, {{IPA, t͡sʰ
, {{IPA, ʈ͡ʂʰ
, {{IPA, t͡ʃʰ
,
,
,
, -
!
Voiced
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced.
The term, however, is used to refer ...
,
, {{IPA, d͡z{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
,
, {{IPA, d͡ʒ{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
,
,
,
, -
!
Breathy
,
,
,
, {{IPA, d͡ʒʱ{{efn, name=Schmidt & Kohistani, Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
,
,
,
, -
!rowspan="2",
Fricative
A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in t ...
!
Voiceless
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies ...
, {{IPA, (f)
, {{IPA, s
, {{IPA, ʂ
, {{IPA, ʃ
, {{IPA, x{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
,
, {{IPA, h
, -
!
Voiced
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced.
The term, however, is used to refer ...
,
, {{IPA, z
, {{IPA, ʐ
, {{IPA, ʒ{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
, {{IPA, ɣ{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
,
, {{IPA, ɦ{{efn, name=Rajapurohit
, -
!colspan="2",
Nasal
, {{IPA, m {{IPA, (mʱ){{efn, name=Schmidt & Kohistani, Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
, {{IPA, n
, {{IPA, ɳ
,
, {{IPA, ŋ
,
,
, -
!colspan="2",
Lateral
Lateral is a geometric term of location which may refer to:
Healthcare
*Lateral (anatomy), an anatomical direction
* Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
* Lateral release (surgery), a surgical procedure on the side of a kneecap
Phonetics
*Lateral co ...
,
, {{IPA, l {{IPA, (lʱ){{efn, name=Schmidt & Kohistani, Occurs in the Kohistani dialect, Schmidt (2008)
,
,
,
,
,
, -
!colspan="2",
Rhotic
,
, {{IPA, r
, {{IPA, ɽ{{efn, name=Degener
,
,
,
,
, -
!colspan="2",
Semivowel
In phonetics and phonology, a semivowel, glide or semiconsonant is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound but functions as the syllable boundary, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable. Examples of semivowels in English are the c ...
, {{IPA, ʋ~w
,
,
, {{IPA, j
,
,
,
{{notelist, refs=
{{efn, name=Rajapurohit, According to Rajapurohit (2012, p. 33–34)
{{efn, name=Degener, Degener (2008, p. 14) lists it as a phoneme
Tone
{{Unreferenced section, date=September 2015
Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:
"The" has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"
When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. ''Thée'' means "Will you do?"
When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. ''Theé'' means "after having done".
See also
*
Brokskat language
*
Kundal Shahi language
Kundal Shahi (, Kunḍal Šāhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.
Phonology
Th ...
*
Ushoji language
Ushoji (natively known as Ushojo) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kohistan and Swat districts of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Status
Ushoji may be incredibly endangered due to the dominance of the Pashto language in the ...
*
Kalkoti language
Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South As ...
*
Palula language
Palula (also spelt Phalura, Palola, Phalulo) and also known as Ashreti (''Aćharêtâʹ'') or Dangarikwar (the name used by Khowar speakers), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 10,000 people in the valleys of Ashret and Biori, as ...
*
Savi language
References
{{Reflist
Bibliography
*{{Cite book, last = Bashir, first = Elena L., author-link=Elena Bashir, year = 2003, chapter = Dardic, editor1= George Cardona , editor2=Dhanesh Jain , title = The Indo-Aryan languages, publisher = Routledge, isbn = 978-0-7007-1130-7, pages = 818–94, location = London, series = Routledge language family series. Y
*{{Cite book, last = Bashir, first = Elena L., author-link=Elena Bashir, date = 2016, chapter = Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages, editor1-last=Hock, editor1-first=Hans Henrich, editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock, editor2-last=Bashir, editor2-first=Elena, editor2-link=Elena Bashir, title = The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide, series = World of Linguistics, publisher = De Gruyter Mouton, location = Berlin, isbn = 978-3-11-042715-8, pages = 803–9
*{{Cite book, last = Rajapurohit, first = B. B., chapter = The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina, date = 1975, others = V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.), title = Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers, series = University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala, publisher = Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala, location = Trivandrum
*{{Cite book, last = Rajapurohit, first = B. B., date = 1983, title = Shina phonetic reader, series = CIIL Phonetic Reader Series, publisher = Central Institute of Indian Languages, location = Mysore
*{{cite book, last1=Rajapurohit, first1=B. B., title=Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras), date=2012, url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/shina/Grammar_of_Shina_Language_And_Vocabulary.pdf
*{{Cite journal, last = Schmidt, first = Ruth Laila, year = 2003–2004, title = The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan, journal = European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, issue = 25/26, pages = 61–79, issn = 0943-8254, url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_25&26_03.pdf, ref = {{harvid, Schmidt, 2003/2004
*{{Cite book, last1 = Schmidt, first1 = Ruth Laila, last2 = Kohistani, first2 = Razwal, date = 2008, title = A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan, series = Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen, publisher = Harrassowitz, location = Wiesbaden, isbn = 978-3-447-05676-2
Further reading
*{{Cite book, last = Buddruss, first = Georg, date = 1983, chapter = Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen, editor-last1 = Assmann, editor-first1 = Aleida, editor-last2 = Assmann, editor-first2 = Jan, editor-last3 = Hardmeier, editor-first3 = Christof, title = Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation, publisher = W. Fink, isbn = 978-3-7705-2132-6, pages = 231–44 A history of the development of writing in Shina
*{{Cite book, last1 = Degener, first1 = Almuth, last2 = Zia, first2 = Mohammad Amin, date = 2008, title = Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia, publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, isbn = 978-3-447-05648-9 Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
*{{Cite book, last = Radloff, first = Carla F., date = 1992, editor-last1 = Backstrom, editor-first1 = Peter C., editor-last2 = Radloff, editor-first2 = Carla F., title = Languages of northern areas, series = Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan, volume = 2, publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, location = Islamabad, Pakistan, url = http://www.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/abstract.asp?id=32840
*{{Cite book, last1 = Rensch, first1 = Calvin R., last2 = Decker, first2 = Sandra J., last3 = Hallberg, first3 = Daniel G., date = 1992, title = Languages of Kohistan, series = Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan, publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University, location = Islamabad, Pakistan
*{{Cite book, last = Zia, first = Mohammad Amin, date = 1986, title = Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar, publisher = Zia Publishers, location = Gilgit, language = ur
*{{Cite book, last = Zia, first = Mohammad Amin, title = Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary) Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
External links
{{Incubator, scl
Sasken Shina contains materials in and about the language
1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of ShinaShina Language Textbook for Class5Shina Language Textbook for Class6
{{Languages of Pakistan
{{Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
{{Dardic languages
{{Authority control
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shina Language
Dardic languages
Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir