The was an imperial palace built by

Emperor Shōmu was the 45th emperor of Japan,Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 聖武天皇 (45)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Shōmu's reign spanned the years 724 through 749, during the Nara period. Traditional narrative Be ...

, initially as a villa, later named by himself as the capital of Japan in 744 AD. It was located in Kōka District of

Ōmi Province was a province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is . Under the ''Engishiki'' classification system, Ōmi was ranked as one of the 13 "great countrie ...

in what is now part of the city of

Kōka was a after ''Tenpō'' and before ''Kaei.'' This period spanned the years from December 1844 through February 1848. The reigning emperors were and . Change of era * December 2, 1844 (): The new era name of ''Kōka'', meaning "Becoming Wide ...

Shiga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. Shiga Prefecture has a population of 1,412,916 (1 October 2015) and has a geographic area of . Shiga Prefecture borders Fukui Prefecture to the north, Gifu Prefecture to the nort ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

. The capital-palace is also referred to as in the ''

Shoku Nihongi The is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it is the second of the ''Six National Histories'', coming directly after the '' Nihon Shoki'' and followed by ''Nihon Kōki''. Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mamichi ...

''. Its ruins were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1974.

Overview

After the rebellion of

Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Fujiwara (, written: 藤原 lit. "''Wisteria'' field") is a Japanese surname. (In English conversation it is likely to be rendered as .) Notable people with the surname include: ; Families * The Fujiwara clan and its members ** Fujiwara no Kamatari ...

in 740, Emperor Shōmu relocated his seat to (currently part of

Kizugawa, Kyoto is a city located in southern Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It is the southernmost city in the prefecture and it is named after the Kizu River, a tributary of the Yodo River, which runs through the city. Kizugawa City is a part of the Kansai Science ...

) and also built a detached villa deep in the mountains of southern Ōmi, which was called "Rakumura". He often visited this villa and in 742 decided to make it his primary residence. There are various theories as to why Emperor Shōmu chose to relocate to such an inconvenient location deep in the mountains. The Kuni area was a power base for

Tachibana no Moroe was a Japanese Imperial prince and official in the court of Emperor ShōmuNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tachibana no Moroe" . and Empress Kōken.Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). He was the father of Tachibana no Naramaro . * 738 (''Tenpyō 10, ...

, who was then the minister with de facto power over the " dajō-kan" council. The preference of Shigaraki possibly points to the rival

Fujiwara clan was a powerful family of imperial regents in Japan, descending from the Nakatomi clan and, as legend held, through them their ancestral god Ame-no-Koyane. The Fujiwara prospered since the ancient times and dominated the imperial court until th ...

under

Fujiwara no Nakamaro , also known as , Brown, Delmer M. (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' p. 274 was a Japanese aristocrat (''kuge''), courtier, and statesman. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Fujiwara no Nakamaro"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 207. He was Chancellor ('' Daij ...

mounting a comeback, since their influence extended around the Shigaraki area in Ōmi Province. On the other hand, Emperor Shōmu may have been influenced by Buddhist prelates such as

Rōben (689 – 773), also known as Ryōben, was a Japanese Buddhist monk of the Kegon sect, and clerical founder of the Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan. He is popularly known as the . His life spanned the late Asuka period (538 &nd ...

and

Gyōki was a Japanese Buddhist priest of the Nara period, born in Ōtori county, Kawachi Province (now Sakai, Osaka), the son of Koshi no Saichi. According to one theory, one of his ancestors was of Korean descent. Gyōki became a monk at Asuka-dera, ...

, who saw the area as a holy site. An indication of this is the plans Emperor Shōmu announced the following year for the construction of a monumental image of the

Vairocana Vairocana (also Mahāvairocana, sa, वैरोचन) is a cosmic buddha from Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Vairocana is often interpreted, in texts like the ''Avatamsaka Sutra'', as the dharmakāya of the historical Gautama Buddha. In East ...

Buddha in emulation of the

Longmen Grottoes The Longmen Grottoes () or Longmen Caves are some of the finest examples of Chinese Buddhist art. Housing tens of thousands of statues of Shakyamuni Buddha and his disciples, they are located south of present-day Luoyang in Henan province, C ...

Tang Dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...

China near the Shigaraki site. In 744, the name of the palace gradually changed from "Shigaraki" to "Kōka", and in November of the same year, the central support pillar of the Vairocana Buddha statue was erected at Kōka-ji, a Buddhist temple which had been established to house the image. In 745, Kōka was officially proclaimed as the capital. However, the vast expense required for the project resulted in resistance by many of his vassals, and a series of natural disasters such as wildfires and the Tenpei Earthquake forced Emperor Shōmu to return to Heijō-kyō. The plan to build a giant statue in Shigaraki was transformed into the

Nara Daibutsu The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It i ...

project. The actual site of the palace was lost for many years. Initially, ruins in the Urano neighborhood of Shigaraki were thought to be the site of the palace, and these ruins were given the National Historic Site designation in 1926. However, later archeologists located another possible site two kilometers to the north, in the Miyamachi neighborhood. The foundation of large buildings were uncovered, and artifacts included a large number of wooden tags indicating tax payments. This site was redesigned the "Shigaraki Palace ruins" in 2005, with the original site now thought to be the ruins of Kōka-ji. The site is about 20 minutes on foot from Shigarakigushi Station on the

Shigaraki Kogen Railway is a Japanese third-sector railway company funded by Shiga Prefecture and the city of Koka. The railway operates the Shigaraki Line, a former JR West line that was transferred to the third sector in 1987. The Shigaraki Line connects Kibukawa ...

. The site was backfilled after excavation, but some of the artifacts can be seen at the

References

External links

Shiga-Biwako Tourist Information

Notes

{{Authority control Former capitals of Japan History of Shiga Prefecture Emperor Shōmu Archaeological sites in Japan Kōka, Shiga Historic Sites of Japan

Overview

See also

References

External links

Notes