Shibaniba

Tell Billa (also Tell Billah and Baasheikhah) is an archaeological site near Bashiqa in Nineveh Province (Iraq) 20 kilometers northeast of Mosul. Beginning in Middle Assyrian times the ancient city, not far from Assur, was named Shibaniba. Its earlier name is not known. In 2022 it was proposed that Tell Billa was the site of the Ur III period Hurrian city Šimānum (known as Asimānum during the Akkadian Empire).

History of archaeological research

After some minor soundings done by Austen Henry Layard around 1850, Tell Billa was excavated between 1930 and 1934 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania and the American Schools of Oriental Research. The excavation was led by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser with Charles Bache. The work was complicated by the fact that the mound was divided up among 18 owners including
a Jacobite church.

At the same time, these scholars explored the related nearby ancient site of Tepe Gawra, which is located about northeast of Billa.

Tell Billa and its environment

The site consists of a large mound and covers around .

Occupation history

There is some evidence of occupation as far back as the Uruk period, including some Hurrian presence in the middle second millennium. An Uruk period cylinder seal was found at the site, a presentation scene of Istar. A few preliterate clay tokens were also found. The Hurrian artifacts were identified in the excavators' Stratum 3. The comparison with the similar artefacts from Nuzi led Speiser to conclude that the Hurrians settled at Billa before they moved on to Nuzi.

The majority of excavated material, however, is from the Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian times, including glyptic and epigraphic material. Ninety One Middle Assyrian tablets (ca. 1400-1000 BC) are attested from Tell Billa/Shibaniba. Several Middle Assyrian faience items were also found at Tell Billa. The name ''Shibaniba'' relates to this period of its history.

Some ceramic remains of the Parthian period were found at the site.Haerinck, E. “Twinspouted Vessels and Their Distribution in the near East from the Achaemenian to the Sasanian Periods.” Iran, vol. 18, pp. 43–54, 1980

See also

*Cities of the ancient Near East

References

Further reading

*Charles Bache, "From Mr. Bache’s Reports on the Joint Excavation at Tell Billah." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 50, 1933
*Goodman, Reed Charles. "Tell Billa's Bull Pendant: A Connection to Middle Assyrian Assur" Assyromania and More. In Memory of Samuel M. Paley, hrsg. v. Friedhelm Pedde, Nathanael Shelley (marru 4)., pp. 187-196, 2018
*Creamer, Petra M. "Domestic Architecture and Household Structure at Late Bronze Age Tell Billa." Ancient Near Eastern Studies 58, pp. 147-172, 2021
*Speiser, Dr. "The Excavation of Tell Billah: Letter from Dr. Speiser to the Directors of the American School of Oriental Research in Baghdad and of the University Museum,(October 30, 1931)." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 44.1, pp. 2-5, 1931
*Speiser, Dr. "Tell Billah: Letter from Dr. Speiser to the Directors of the American School in Baghdad and the University Museum." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 45.1, pp. 32-34, 1932
*Speiser, E. A. "An inscribed lance-butt from Tell Billah V." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 50.1, pp. 11-13, 1933
*Speiser, E. A. "An Assyrian Document of the Ninth Century BC from Tell Billah." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 54.1, pp. 20-21, 1934
*C. L. Wooley and E.A. Speiser, Excavations at Ur;the Pottery of Tell Billa, The Museum Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 249–308, 1933
*Claudio Saporetti, Middle Assyrian Texts of Tell Billa (Graphemic Categorization, No 3), Undena Publications, 1990, {{ISBN, 0-89003-159-2
*Speiser, E. A., Gleanings from the Tell Billa texts, Symbolae ad iura orientis antiqui pertinentes Paolo Koschaker dedicatae, Leiden, Brill, pp. 141–50, 1939
*Donald Matthews, Middle Assyrian Glyptic from Tell Billa, IRAQ, vol. 53, pp. 17-42, 1991
*Speiser, E. A. “The Cuneiform Tablets from Tell Billa.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 71, pp. 23–24, 1938

External links

Digitizing Tell Billa - work on publishing 1930s digsExpedition video from the University of Pennsylvania Museum 4Expedition video from the University of Pennsylvania Museum 3Expedition video from the University of Pennsylvania Museum 23rd Millennium BC cylinder seal from Tell Billa - possibly lostArchaeological site photographs from the Oriental InstituteDigital Tell Billa tablets at CDLI

Tells (archaeology)
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Former populated places in Iraq
Nineveh Governorate