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The Shanghai World Financial Center (SWFC; , Shanghainese: ''Zånhae Guejieu Cinyon Tsonsin'') is a
supertall A supertall building is an occupied "supertall" structure higher than and beneath . A form of skyscraper, it falls midway between a common minimum definition of "skyscraper" (a building taller ) and a " megatall" building (taller than ). Diff ...
skyscraper located in the
Pudong Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name ''Pudong'' was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic cit ...
district of
Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
. It was designed by
Kohn Pedersen Fox Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) is an American architecture firm that provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in ...
and developed by the
Mori Building Company is a Japanese family-owned property management firm. As of 2015 its president and CEO is Shingo Tsuji. Its headquarters are in the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo. Mori Building has been managing office buil ...
, with Leslie E. Robertson Associates as its structural engineer and China State Construction Engineering Corp and Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. as its main contractor. It is a mixed-use skyscraper, consisting of offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks, and ground-floor shopping malls. Park Hyatt Shanghai is the tower's hotel component, comprising 174 rooms and suites occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, which at the time of completion was the highest hotel in the world. It is now the third-highest hotel in the world after the Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong, which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the
International Commerce Centre The International Commerce Centre (abbreviated ICC) is a 118- storey, commercial skyscraper completed in 2010 in West Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is a part of the Union Square project on top of Kowloon station. It was the 4th tallest building in ...
. On 14 September 2007, the skyscraper was
topped out In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlaye ...
at , making it the 2nd tallest building in the world on completion (the tallest at the time being
Taipei 101 Taipei 101 (; stylized as TAIPEI 101), formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center, is a supertall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. This building was officially classified as the world's tallest from its opening in 2004 until the 2009 ...
), and the tallest in China. The SWFC opened to the public on 28 August 2008, with its
observation deck An observation deck, observation platform, or viewing platform is an elevated sightseeing platform usually situated upon a tall architectural structure, such as a skyscraper or observation tower. Observation decks are sometimes enclos ...
opening on 30 August. The observation deck offers views from above ground level. The SWFC has been lauded for its design, and in 2008 it was named by architects as the year's best-completed skyscraper."Shanghai tower named year's best skyscraper"
Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was estab ...
. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
In 2013, the SWFC was exceeded in height by the adjacent
Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower () is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
, which is China's tallest structure . Together, The Shanghai World Financial Center, The
Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower () is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
and The
Jin Mao Tower The Jin Mao Tower (; Shanghainese:'' Cinmeu Dagho''; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the or , is a , 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China. It contains a s ...
form the world's first adjacent grouping of three supertall skyscrapers.


History

Designed by American architectural firm
Kohn Pedersen Fox Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) is an American architecture firm that provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in ...
, the 100-story tower was originally planned for construction in 1997, but work was temporarily interrupted by the
Asian Financial Crisis The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998– ...
in the late 1990s, and was later paused to accommodate design changes by the Mori Building Company. The building of the tower was financed by several multinational firms, including Chinese, Japanese, and Hong Kong banks, as well as by the Japanese developer and American and European investors. The American investment bank
Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment management and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in more than 41 countries and more than 75,000 employees, the fir ...
coordinated the tower's financing for Mori Building.


Construction

The tower's foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1997. In the late 1990s, the Pierre de Smet Building Corporation suffered a funding shortage caused by the
Asian financial crisis The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998– ...
of 1997–98, which halted the project after the foundations were completed. On 13 February 2003, the Mori Group increased the building's height to and 101 stories, from the initial plans for a , 94-stories building. The new building used the foundations of the original design, and construction work was resumed on 16 November 2003. A fire broke out in the incomplete SWFC on 14 August 2007. The fire was first noticed on the 40th floor, around 16:30 (GMT +8), and soon the smoke was clearly seen outside the building. By 17:45, the fire had been extinguished. The damage was reported to be slight, and nobody was injured in the accident. The cause of the fire remains unknown, but according to some sources the preliminary investigation suggested workers' electric weldings caused the fire. The building reached its full height of on 14 September 2007 after the installation of the final steel girder. (The video has been removed due to expiry of the copyright). The final cladding panels were installed in mid-June 2008, and elevator installation was finished in mid-July. The Shanghai World Financial Center was declared complete on 17 July 2008, and was officially opened on 28 August. On 30 August 2008, the tower's observation floors were opened to the public.


Architecture

The most distinctive feature of the SWFC's design is the trapezoid aperture at the peak. The original design specified a circular aperture, in diameter, to reduce the stresses of wind pressure and to reference the Chinese mythological depiction of the sky as a circle. It also resembled a Chinese
moon gate A moon gate () is a circular opening in a garden wall that acts as a pedestrian passageway and is a traditional architectural element in Chinese gardens. The gates serve as an inviting entrance into gardens of the rich upper class in China. T ...
due to its circular form in
Chinese architecture Chinese architecture ( Chinese:中國建築) is the embodiment of an architectural style that has developed over millennia in China and it has influenced architecture throughout Eastern Asia. Since its emergence during the early ancient era, ...
. However, this initial design began facing protests from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai,
Chen Liangyu Chen Liangyu (; born October 24, 1946, in Shanghai) is a Chinese politician best known for his tenure as the Communist Party Secretary of Shanghai, the city's top office, and a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, from 200 ...
, who considered it too similar to the rising sun design of the
Japanese flag The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red circle at its center. This flag is officially called the , but is more commonly known in Japan as the . It embodies the country's sobriquet: the Land of the Rising S ...
. Pedersen then suggested that a bridge be placed at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular. On 18 October 2005, KPF submitted an alternative design to Mori Building and a trapezoidal hole replaced the circle at the top of the tower, which in addition to changing the controversial design, would also be cheaper and easier to implement, according to the architects. Foreigners and Chinese alike informally refer to the building as "the
bottle opener A bottle opener is a device that enables the removal of metal bottle caps from glass bottles. More generally, it might be thought to include corkscrews used to remove cork or plastic stoppers from wine bottles. A metal bottle cap is affixed t ...
". Metal replicas of the building that function as actual bottle openers are sold in the tower's gift shop. The tower features three separate
observation deck An observation deck, observation platform, or viewing platform is an elevated sightseeing platform usually situated upon a tall architectural structure, such as a skyscraper or observation tower. Observation decks are sometimes enclos ...
s which constitute the floors above and below the aperture opening. The height of the lowest observation deck, located on the 94th floor, is ; the second, on the 97th floor, is at a height of ; and the highest, on the 100th floor, is high. The skyscraper's roof height is set at , and was at one point the highest roof in the world. Before construction on the roof was completed, the SWFC's total height was scheduled to be so that it would exceed the height of the
Taipei 101 Taipei 101 (; stylized as TAIPEI 101), formerly known as the Taipei World Financial Center, is a supertall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. This building was officially classified as the world's tallest from its opening in 2004 until the 2009 ...
, but a height limit was imposed, allowing the roof to reach a maximum height of 492 metres. Architect William Pedersen and developer
Minoru Mori was considered to be one of Japan's most powerful and influential building tycoons. He joined the real estate business of his father, Taikichiro Mori, after graduating from Tokyo University and was president and CEO of Mori Building, of which h ...
resisted suggestions to add a spire that would surpass that of Taipei 101 and perhaps
One World Trade Center One World Trade Center (also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly Freedom Tower) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Mer ...
, calling the SWFC a "broad-shouldered building". The SWFC boasts a gross floor area of more than , 31 elevators, and 33 escalators.


Structural efficiency

The tower's trapezoid aperture is made up of structural steel and reinforced concrete. A large number of forces, such as wind loads, the people in the building and heavy equipment housed in the building, act on the SWFC's structure. These compressive and bending forces are carried down to the ground by the diagonal-braced frame (with added outrigger trusses). The design employs an effective use of material, because it decreases the thickness of the outer core shear walls and the weight of the structural steel in the perimeter.


Tenants

Shanghai World Financial Center hosts the office building for many international financial companies, including those involved in
banking A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets. Becau ...
,
insurance Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge ...
,
securities A security is a tradable financial asset. The term commonly refers to any form of financial instrument, but its legal definition varies by jurisdiction. In some countries and languages people commonly use the term "security" to refer to any for ...
and
fund management Asset management is a systematic approach to the governance and realization of value from the things that a group or entity is responsible for, over their whole life cycles. It may apply both to tangible assets (physical objects such as buildings ...
, such as
Ernst & Young Ernst & Young Global Limited, trade name EY, is a multinational professional services partnership headquartered in London, England. EY is one of the largest professional services networks in the world. Along with Deloitte, KPMG and Pricewat ...
,
Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment management and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in more than 41 countries and more than 75,000 employees, the fir ...
, BNP Paribas, Commerzbank,
Bank of Yokohama is the largest regional bank in Japan, operating mainly in Kanagawa Prefecture and southwestern Tokyo. It currently operates 610 offices in Japan and five offices overseas (Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, New York and London). History The bank wa ...
, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation and
Korea Development Bank Korea Development Bank (KDB Bank, SWIFT: KODBKRSE) is a wholly state-owned policy development bank in South Korea. It was founded in 1954 in accordance with The Korea Development Bank Act to finance and manage major industrial projects to expedit ...
. Google's Shanghai branch is located on the 60th-61st floors.


Transport

* Shanghai Metro: Line 2 at
Lujiazui Station Lujiazui () is a station on Line 2 and 14 of the Shanghai Metro rapid transit system, situated in the middle of the financial district of Lujiazui. This station is the first stop in Pudong going east towards Pudong International Airport, and is ...
is a 10-minute walk to the center.


Awards

Shanghai World Financial Center was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008, receiving both the Best Tall Building Overall and Asia & Australasia awards from the
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) is an international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. A non-profit organization based at the Monroe Building in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States ...
(CTBUH). CTBUH's Carol Willis, head of New York's
Skyscraper Museum The Skyscraper Museum is an architecture museum located in Battery Park City, Manhattan, New York City and founded in 1996. As the name suggests, the museum focuses on high-rise buildings as "products of technology, objects of design, sites of c ...
, stated: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the skyscraper." Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses guard against the forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and contributed to its sustainability." Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of genius."


Gallery

File:Shanghaiviewpic1.jpg, Shanghai World Financial Center, visible behind the
Oriental Pearl Tower The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower () is a TV tower in Shanghai. Its location at the tip of Lujiazui in the Pudong New Area by the side of Huangpu River, opposite The Bund, makes it a distinct landmark in the area. Its principal desi ...
. File:Observation deck of the Shanghai World Financial Center.jpg, Inside the tower's observation deck. File:0352 20090626 Shanghai.jpg, Shanghai World Financial Center (left) and the
Jin Mao Tower The Jin Mao Tower (; Shanghainese:'' Cinmeu Dagho''; lit. ‘Golden Prosperity Building’), also known as the or , is a , 88-story (93 if counting the floors in the spire) landmark skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China. It contains a s ...
. File:Shanghai World Financial Center + Jin Mao Tower.jpg, The Shanghai World Financial Center and Jin Mao Tower adjacent to each other. File:Night shot of the Shanghai World Financial Centre.jpg, At night. File:Shanghai_world_financial_centre.JPG, Next to the Jin Mao Tower. File:CWC_9636.jpg, Beside the
Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower () is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
at night. File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_200802.jpg, Under construction. File:Shanghai_world_financial_center.jpg, Under construction. File:SWFC_May_2007.jpg, Under construction. File:Shanghai_scycrapers.jpg, Beside Jin Mao Tower. File:Shanghai World Financial Center during the night.JPG, Shanghai World Financial Center pictured at night. File:Shanghai World Financial Center 200802-2.jpg, The aperture under construction at the top of the building. File:SWFC mural.JPG, Stucco mural depicting the original design. File:Three Bigs Far.jpg, The SWFC, Jin Mao Tower and incomplete
Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower () is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
(far right) in August 2012. File:Shanghai Lujiazui Building.jpg, The SWFC, Jin Mao Tower, and the Shanghai Tower near completion in January 2014. File:View of Jin Mao from SWFC.jpg, View of Jin Mao Tower from the SWFC observation deck. File:Shanghai_World_Financial_Center_(Top).jpg, Top of the building. File:Shanghai World Financial Tower seen from Shanghai Tower.jpg, Shanghai World Financial Tower seen from
Shanghai Tower Shanghai Tower () is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
, 2016.


See also

*
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai The city of Shanghai, China is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of skyscraper construction, with the City of Shanghai reporting at the end of 2004 that there had been 6,704 buildings of 11 stories or more completed since 19 ...


Similar towers

* Kingdom Centre, building in Saudi Arabia


References


External links


Shanghai WFC official websiteShanghai World Financial Center observatoryKohn Pedersen Fox Shanghai WFC project pageMori Building Co. Shanghai WFC project pageShanghai WFC
on
CTBUH The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) is an international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. A non-profit organization based at the Monroe Building in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States ...
's Skyscraper Center database
The Shanghai WFC: a case study on ConstructaliaEmporis.com data page on the Shanghai WFCWindow cleaners at work on the Shanghai WFC (video from the observation deck)
* {{Supertall skyscrapers , current Skyscrapers in Shanghai World Financial Centers Office buildings completed in 2008 Landmarks in Shanghai Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings Mori Building Retail buildings in China Skyscraper office buildings in Shanghai Skyscraper hotels in Shanghai Pudong 2008 establishments in China