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If repeated loading on the granular induces stress beyond the yield surface, three different cases may be observed. In case 1 the residual strain in the materials increases almost without limit. This so-called “ratcheting” state is close to what can be predicted applying simple Mohr–Coulomb criterion to a cyclic loading. In the responses like case 2, residual strain in the materials grows to some extent, but at some stage the growth is stopped and further cyclic loading produces closed hysteresis loops of stress–strain. Finally in case 3 the growth of residual strain is practically diminishes when sufficient loading cycles are applied. Case 2 and case 3 are cases of plastic and elastic shakedown respectively.
continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuous mass rather than as discrete particles. The French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy was the first to formulate such m ...
, elastic shakedown behavior is one in which plastic deformation
In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. ''Displacements'' are the ''absolute'' change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain ...
takes place during running in, while due to residual stresses or strain hardening the steady state is perfectly elastic.
Plastic shakedown behavior is one in which the steady state is a closed elastic-plastic loop, with no net accumulation of plastic deformation.
Ratcheting behavior is one in which the steady state is an open elastic-plastic loop, with the material accumulating a net strain during each cycle.
Shakedown concept can be applied to solid metallic materials under cyclic repeated loading or to granular materials under cyclic loading (such case can occur in road pavements under traffic loading).
Ratcheting Check
Not needed for only primary loading that meets static loading requirements. Needed for cyclic thermal loading plus primary loading with a mean.Shakedown of granular materials
If repeated loading on the granular induces stress beyond the yield surface, three different cases may be observed. In case 1 the residual strain in the materials increases almost without limit. This so-called “ratcheting” state is close to what can be predicted applying simple Mohr–Coulomb criterion to a cyclic loading. In the responses like case 2, residual strain in the materials grows to some extent, but at some stage the growth is stopped and further cyclic loading produces closed hysteresis loops of stress–strain. Finally in case 3 the growth of residual strain is practically diminishes when sufficient loading cycles are applied. Case 2 and case 3 are cases of plastic and elastic shakedown respectively.
References
* Shakedown of Elastic-Plastic Structures, Jan A. Konig, Elsevier, 1987. * Limit Analysis of Structures at Thermal Cycling, D. A. Gokhfeld and O. F. Cherniavsky, 1980. * ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 2001. * * "Basic Conditions for Material and Structural Ratcheting", H. Hübel, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 162, pp 55–65 (1996) * "Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones" (Chapter 2), H. Hübel, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Cham (2016), *{{cite journal , author = Ghadimi Behzad, Nikraz Hamid, Rosano Michele , year = 2016 , title = Dynamic simulation of a flexible pavement layers considering shakedown effects and soil-asphalt interaction , journal = Transportation Geotechnics , volume = 7 , pages = 40–58 , doi = 10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.04.003 Continuum mechanics