Shah Inayatullah ( sd, شاه عنایت اللہ; 1655–1718),
popularly known as Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, Shah Shaheed or Shah Inayat of Jhok, was a 17th-century
revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates a revolution. The term ''revolutionary'' can also be used as an adjective, to refer to something that has a major, sudden impact on society or on some aspect of human endeavor.
...
from
Jhok
Jhok or Jhok Shareef ( sd, جهوڪ) is a small town in district Sujawal, Sindh, Pakistan.
Battle of Jhok
Jhok is also the home of Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, who battled against the Mughal empire over the distribution of land and taxation amo ...
,
Sindh
Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
.
[
He was executed on the order of ]Mughal Emperor
The Mughal emperors ( fa, , Pādishāhān) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughal rulers styled t ...
Farrukhsiyar
Farrukhsiyar or Farrukh Siyar () (20 August 16839 April 1719) was the tenth emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1719. He rose to the throne after assassinating his uncle, Emperor Jahandar Shah. Reportedly a handsome man who was easily sw ...
in the early eighteenth century. Sufi Inayat was accused of leading a small army of peasants (Harees) to challenge the domination of Farrukhsiyar, local feudal landlords, and Mullahs. His mantra, “Jo Kherray so Khaey” ( sd, جو کيڙي سو کائي), means, "The one who plows has the foremost right on the yield." His popularity forced the feudal landlords to contact Farrukhsiyar, who ordered the ruler of northern Sindh Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro
Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro ( sd, يار محمد ڪلهوڙو) and Mian Din Muhammad Kalhoro were sons of Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro who was succeeded by his elder son Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro in 1692 AD. Later, Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro becam ...
to uproot Inayat and his companions. A prolonged siege of Jhok
Jhok or Jhok Shareef ( sd, جهوڪ) is a small town in district Sujawal, Sindh, Pakistan.
Battle of Jhok
Jhok is also the home of Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, who battled against the Mughal empire over the distribution of land and taxation amo ...
resulted in an offer of negotiations from the Kalhora commander. Sufi Inayat accepted the offer to avoid further bloodshed, but was instead arrested and later executed in Thatto.,
Early life
Shah Inayat was born in 1655/56 A.D in Miranpur, Sindh
Miranpur is a village in Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan. The population was 3000 at the 2017 census.
The Miranpur ( sd, ميرانپور) a Palh community village and Deh of Union Council Miranpur of Naushahro Feroze District in the Pak ...
near Jhok
Jhok or Jhok Shareef ( sd, جهوڪ) is a small town in district Sujawal, Sindh, Pakistan.
Battle of Jhok
Jhok is also the home of Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed, who battled against the Mughal empire over the distribution of land and taxation amo ...
where Thatta-Tando Mohammad Khan-Hyderabad road stands in modern times.[The socialist Sufi and the Jhok war]
Dawn (newspaper), Published 20 July 2014, Retrieved 4 December 2021 His father Makhdum Fazlullah provided his early education. He travelled the subcontinent to find a spiritual guide (''murshid).'' He arrived in Burhanpur
Burhanpur'' is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative seat of Burhanpur District. It is situated on the north bank of the Tapti River and northeast of city of Mumbai, southwest of the state's capi ...
and became initiated into the Qadiriyya
The Qadiriyya (), also transliterated Qādirīyah, ''Qadri'', ''Qadriya'', ''Kadri'', ''Elkadri'', ''Elkadry'', ''Aladray'', ''Alkadrie'', ''Adray'', ''Kadray'', ''Kadiri'', ''Qadiri'', ''Quadri'' or ''Qadri'' are members of the Sunni Qadiri ta ...
order. He travelled to Bijapur
Bijapur, officially known as Vijayapura, is the district headquarters of Bijapur district of the Karnataka state of India. It is also the headquarters for Bijapur Taluk. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural ...
and from there to Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
. In Bijapur, he was a disciple of Shah Abdul Malik ibn Shah Ubaidullah Jilani Qadiri. When his learning was complete, he took leave from his ''murshid''. Before his departure, Shah Abdul Malik placed four things before his disciple: a ''tasbeeh'', a prayer mat, a ''karaa'', and a sword. Shah Inayat chose the sword (a symbol of martyrdom), to which his ''murshid'' asked: 'O fakir what price will you pay for this gift?' He replied: "The price is my head."[
]
Influence
Once back in Miranpur, Shah Inayat spent his days in meditation and prayer. He had inherited a vast tract of land from his ancestors near his hometown. His message was one of love, tolerance, and equality. Peasants left their respective lands to join his commune to work for Shah Inayat as he had organized collective farming on his own lands. He had raised the slogan, "One who tills the land should eat he crop.[Call to follow philosophy of Shah Inayat]
Dawn (newspaper), Published 12 January 2012, Retrieved 4 December 2021
He established a monastery (''khangah'') at Miranpur and distributed his land among the landless tillers (''harees''). He expressed opposition to the landlords (''zamindar'') as well as orthodox theologians. He attracted many followers among the peasantry, and organized them against the rulers, landlords and religious scholars, urging them not to pay agriculture tax to the rulers or give a share of their produce to the landlords. The landlords and orthodox mullahs then aligned against him and complained to Azam Khan, governor of Thatta Sarkar that Shah Inayat was trying to overthrow the government.
Battle of Jhok
Shah Inayat's rising influence among his followers in the area of lower Sindh (Thatta Sarkar) caused much discontent in Yar Muhammad Kalhoro
Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro ( sd, يار محمد ڪلهوڙو) and Mian Din Muhammad Kalhoro were sons of Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro who was succeeded by his elder son Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro in 1692 AD. Later, Mian Yar Muhammad Kalhoro becam ...
, the feudal lord. The latter enjoyed political sway over Bakhar Sarkar (Northern Sindh) and Sehwan Sarkar (Central Sindh) and thus wanted to control over Thatta Sarkar which was still under the rule of Mughal Nawabs. Kalhoro, the first ruler of Kalhora dynasty
The Kalhora dynasty ( sd, ڪلهوڙا راڄ, translit=Kalhora Raj) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Sindhi Kalhora origin based in the region of Sindh in what is now Pakistan. They claimed an Arab origin. The dynasty ruled Sindh and parts of the P ...
, strove to consolidate his power across Sindh
Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
, but found the social movement of Sufi Shah Inayat a hurdle in realizing his ambition.[ Thus he, along with other influential landlords, and Pirs of Dargah succeeded in persuading the Delhi government to act against Shah Inayat and his followers for their rebellion against the ]Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...
. A battle was launched on Farrukhsiyar
Farrukhsiyar or Farrukh Siyar () (20 August 16839 April 1719) was the tenth emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1713 to 1719. He rose to the throne after assassinating his uncle, Emperor Jahandar Shah. Reportedly a handsome man who was easily sw ...
's order with the combined forces of Kalhora Chief and the Mughal army of governor of Thatta
Thatta ( sd, ٺٽو; ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Thatta's historic significance has yielded several monuments in and ...
.[
The Battle of Jhok was a clash between the Mughal forces along with their local rulers and a band of Sufis who chose to revolt against the feudal and imperial order of the day. A siege was laid to the town of Jhok for about four months, but Shah Inayat's followers gave a stiff resistance. Shah Inayat was preparing to attack the invaders on 1 January 1718 AD, when the Kalhora chief sent Shahdad Khan Talpur with the ]Quran
The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Classical Arabic, Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation in Islam, revelation from God in Islam, ...
to invite Shah Inayat for peace talks. However, when Shah Inayat met Yar Muhammad Kalhoro for talks, he was arrested, brought to Thatta
Thatta ( sd, ٺٽو; ) is a city in the Pakistani province of Sindh. Thatta was the medieval capital of Sindh, and served as the seat of power for three successive dynasties. Thatta's historic significance has yielded several monuments in and ...
and presented to the Mughal governor.[
]
See also
* Mir Janullah Shah
Mir Jan Muhammad Rizwi of Rohri, Sindh famous under his nom-de-plume Mir or Mir Janullah (died 1754) was chief Khalifa of Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed who is related to have told people: "Who ever sees Janullah, sees me" for Janullah had reached ...
* Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai ( sd, شاھ عبداللطيف ڀٽائي, ur, ; 1689/1690 – 21 December 1752), commonly known by the honorifics ''Lakhino Latif'', ''Latif Ghot'', ''Bhittai'', and ''Bhit Jo Shah'', was a Sindhi Sufi mystic, an ...
* Rohal Faqir
* Qadir Bux Bedil
Faqir Qadir Bux Bedil ( sd, فقير قادر بخش بيدل) (1815–1873) better known by his pen name Bedil (one bereft of heart) was a Sufi poet and scholar of great stature. After Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast, two st ...
* Shah Inayat Rizvi
Shah Ïnayatullah ( sd, شاه عنایت اللہ) (c. 1613 – c. 1701), Shah Inayat or Inat, was a 17th-century Sindhi Sufi Poet from Nasirpur, Sindh.
Biography
Early life
He belonged to a branch of the Rizvi Syed family, which originated ...
* Shah Inayat Qadiri
Baba Shah Inayat Qadiri Shatari ( pa, شاه عنایت قادري , also called ''Enayat Shah'' (1643–1728) was a Sufi scholar and saint of the Qadiri-Shatari ''silsila'' (lineage). Shah Inayat Qadiri is famous as the spiritual guide ...
* Túpac Amaru II
José Gabriel Condorcanqui ( – May 18, 1781)known as Túpac Amaru II was an indigenous Cacique who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru. He later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian struggle for independence and in ...
References
External links
Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Inayat Shaheed
History of Sindh
Sindhi people
Mughal Empire Sufis
Sufis of Sindh
Sufism in Sindh
Sufi mystics
People from Thatta District
1655 births
1718 deaths