Shah

Shah (; fa, شاه, , ) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies.Yarshater, Ehsa
Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi
, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) It was also used by a variety of Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, historical Afghan dynasties, and among Gurkhas. Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of the concurrent dynasty (i.e. European-style monarchies), each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah ( fa, شاهنشاه, translit=Šâhanšâh, label=none, ) or Padishah ( fa, پادشاه, translit=Pâdešâh, label=none, ) in the sense of a continuation of the original Persian Empire.

Etymology

The word descends from Old Persian ''xšāyaθiya'' "king", which used to be considered a borrowing from Median, as it was compared to Avestan ''xšaθra-'', "power" and "command", corresponding to Sanskrit (Old Indic) ''kṣatra-'' (same meaning), from which '' kṣatriya-'', "warrior", is derived. Most recently, the form ''xšāyaθiya'' has been analyzed as a genuine, inherited Persian formation with the meaning 'pertaining to reigning, ruling'. This formation with the "origin" suffix ''-iya'' is derived from a deverbal abstract noun *''xšāy-aθa-'' 'rule, ruling, ''Herrschaft'', from the (Old Persian) verb ''xšāy-'' 'to rule, reign'. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was ''Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām'' or (Modern Persian) ''Šāhe Šāhān'', "King of Kings" or "Emperor". This title has ancient Near Eastern or Mesopotamian precedents. The earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the Middle Assyrian period as ''šar šarrāni,'' in reference to the Assyrian ruler Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243–1207 BC).

History

''Šāh'', or ''Šāhanšāh'' ( King of Kings) to use the full-length term, was the title of the Persian emperors. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid dynasty, who unified Persia in the sixth century BC, and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the twentieth century and the Imperial House of Pahlavi.

While in Western sources the Ottoman monarch is most often referred to as a Sultan, in Ottoman territory he was most often referred to as ''Padishah'' and several used the title Shah in their tughras. Their male offspring received the title of '' Şehzade'', or prince (literally, "offspring of the Shah", from Persian ''shahzadeh'').

The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was ''Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām'', literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to Middle Persian ''Šâhân Šâh'', and Modern Persian (''Šâhanšâh''). In Greek, this phrase was translated as ('' basileus tōn basiléōn''), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots ''shah'' and ''basileus''.

In Western languages, ''Shah'' is often used as an imprecise rendering of ''Šāhanšāh''. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the King of Persia and with the spelling ''Shaw''. For a long time, Europeans thought of ''Shah'' as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Ottoman Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as '' padishah''.

In the twentieth century, the Shah of Persia, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially adopted the title ''Šâhanšâh'' and, in western languages, the rendering ''Emperor''. He also styled his wife '' Shahbânū'' ("Empress"). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah, as the Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

Ruler styles

* From the reign of Ashot III (952/53–77), the Bagratid kings of Armenia used the title ''shahanshah'', meaning "king of kings".
* The title '' Padishah'' ( Great King) was adopted from the Iranians by the Ottomans and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the Mughals that established their dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.
* Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman and Mughal rulers was ''Shah-i-Alam Panah'', meaning "King, refuge of the world".
* The Shah-Armens ("Kings of Armenia", sometimes known as Ahlahshahs), used the title ''Shāh-i Arman'' (lit. "Shah of Armenia").
* Some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with ''shah'', such as Khwarezmshah, ruler of the realm of Khwarezmia in the Central Asia, or the Shirvanshah of the historical region of Shirvan in Caucasia (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan)
* The kings of Georgia called themselves ''shahanshah'' alongside their other titles. The Georgian title ''mepetmepe'' (also meaning King of Kings Mepe''-king in Georgian">Mepe_(title).html" ;"title="'Mepe (title)">Mepe''-king in Georgian was also inspired by the ''shahanshah'' title.

Shahzade

''Shahzade'' ( fa">شاهزاده, transliterated as ''Šâhzâde''). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a prince or royal blood was logically called ''shahzada'' as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zâde or -zâdeh, "born from" or "descendant of". However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the Ottoman Empire ('' Şehzade'', Ottoman Turkish: شهزاده) and was used by the princes of Islamic India (''Shahzāda'', Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish: شهزاده) and was used by the princes of Islamic India (''Shahzāda'', Urdu: شہزاده, bn">শাহজাদা, Shāhozāda) such as in the Mughal Empire. The Mughals and the Delhi Sultanate, Sultans of Delhi were not of Indian origin but of Mongol-Turkic origin and were heavily influenced by Persian culture, a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties centuries earlier.

Thus, in Oudh, only sons of the sovereign ''shah bahadur'' (see above) were by birth-right styled "Shahzada [personal title] Mirza (noble), Mirza ersonal nameBahadur", though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled "Mirza ersonal name or " ersonal nameMirza". This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling Sikh maharaja of Punjab were styled "Shahzada ersonal nameSingh Bahadur".

The borrowing ''shahajada'', "Shah's son", taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, was the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign in the male line of the Shah dynasty until its abolition in 2008.

For the heir to a "Persian-style" shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element '' Vali Ahad'', usually in addition to ''shahzada'', where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.

Other styles

* '' Shahbanu'' (Persian , ''Šahbânū''): Persian term using the word ''shah'' and the Persian suffix ''-banu'' ("lady"): Empress, in modern times, the official title of Empress Farah Pahlavi.
* ''Shahpur'' (Persian ''Šâhpur'') also been derived from ''shah'' using the archaic Persian suffix ''-pur'' "son, male descendant", to address the Prince.
* ''Shahdokht'' (Persian ''Šâhdoxt'') is also another term derived from ''shah'' using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-dokht'' "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households.
* ''Shahzade'' (Persian ''Šâhzâde''): Persian termination for prince (lit; ''offspring of the Shah''); used by Ottoman Turks in the form '' Şehzade''.
* ''Malek ol-Moluk'' ( Persian: ) "king of kings", an Arabic title used by the Iranian Buyids, a Persianized form of the Abbasid '' amir al-umara''

Related terms

* Satrap, the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of ''xšaθrapāvan'', literally "guardian of the realm", which derives from the word ''xšaθra'', an Old Persian word meaning "realm, province" and related etymologically to ''shah''.
* Maq'ad-è-Šâh (Persian: Maq'ad-è-Šâh), the phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, which means "seat of the Shah", a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.
* The English word "check-mate" is in fact derived from "shah" (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as "chess" and "exchequer" likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.

See also

* Ikhshid
* Mirmiran
* Shah (surname)

References

External links

Last name: Shah
at surnamedb.com



Etymology OnLine

{{Imperial and royal styles

Heads of state in Asia
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