''Senecio squalidus'', known as Oxford ragwort, is a

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

in the daisy

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

. It is a yellow-flowered

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

plant, native to mountainous, rocky or

volcanic A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates a ...

areas, that has managed to find other homes on man-made and natural piles of rocks, war-ruined neighborhoods and even on

stone walls Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, Mortar (masonry), mo ...

. These habitats resemble its well drained natural rocky homeland. The plants have spread via the wind, rail and the activities of

botanists This is a list of botanists who have Wikipedia articles, in alphabetical order by surname. The List of botanists by author abbreviation is mostly a list of plant taxonomists because an author receives a standard abbreviation only when that auth ...

. The travels of this short-lived

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

biennial Biennial means (an event) lasting for two years or occurring every two years. The related term biennium is used in reference to a period of two years. In particular, it can refer to: * Biennial plant, a plant which blooms in its second year and th ...

, or

winter annual An annual plant is a plant that completes its biological life cycle, life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one growing season, and then dies. The length of growing seasons and period in which they take place vary accor ...

make it a good subject for studies of the evolution and ecology of flowering plants.

Description

Like all members of the family

, ''Senecio squalidus'' has a composite

flower head A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower"; ) is an inflorescence that resembles a flower. The word is sometimes used for other structures that are neither a true flower nor a true inflorescence. Examples of pseudanthia include flower heads, compos ...

known as a capitulum. What look like single flowers are actually a cluster of florets, each petal or

ligule A ligule (from "strap", variant of ''lingula'', from ''lingua'' "tongue") is a thin outgrowth at the junction of leaf and leafstalk of many grasses (Poaceae) and sedges. A ligule is also a strap-shaped extension of the corolla, such as that of a ...

being a flower, or

floret This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

, possessing its own

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

and capable of producing the specialized seed of the family Asteraceae, the parachute-like

achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not ope ...

. Oxford ragwort is a short-lived

, a

, or a

and grows in a branched straggling form to between and depending on conditions. ''S. squalidus'' prefers dry, disturbed places, cultivated and waste ground, walls and railway banks. It flowers from March to December and reproduces from seed. ;Leaves and stems: ''S. squalidus'' leaves are alternate, glossy, almost hairless and variable in form from deeply

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

ly lobed to undivided with only the lower leaves being stalked. Stems and leaves resemble those of the common groundsel (''

Senecio vulgaris ''Senecio vulgaris'', often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to Europe and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed hab ...

'') with the exception that their lobes are more widely spaced. ;Inflorescence: ''S. squalidus'' has larger capitula than ''

Senecio jacobaea ''Jacobaea vulgaris'', syn. ''Senecio jacobaea'', is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere. Common names inc ...

'' and a more spreading habit. Yellow capitula of 10-14 petals in loose clusters. They are pollinated by insects. Ray corollas to long, to wide. :Oxford ragwort is

self-incompatible Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals ...

and needs

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

from other plants with different self-incompatibility alleles; its own flower possess a stigma with characteristics of both the “dry” and “wet” types. :The fruiting heads are often nodding. ;Seeds: Each pollinated Oxford ragwort floret matures into a bell to cylindrical shaped

indehiscent Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that op ...

, the shallowly ribbed fruit is light brown in colour and to long. Each plant can produce approximately 10,000 fruits during the year. Image:Senecio squalidus flor.png, Mature capitulum Image:Senecio squalidus fruto.jpg, ''S. squalidus'' developing capitula. Image:Senecio squalidus hojas.jpg, Leaves and stalks of ''S. squalidus''. Image:Senetio-rupester.jpg, Capitula at different stages of development As a ''

Senecio ''Senecio'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels. Variously circumscribed taxonomically, the genus ''Senecio'' is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Description Morp ...

'' and a

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

''Senecio squalidus'' is part of a species group along with '' S. flavus'', '' S. gallicus'', '' S. glaucus'' and '' S. vernalis'', which are widespread geographically and interesting for the study of genetic differences in relation to the environment and

plant evolution Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. Evolutionary phenomena are characteristics of populations that are described by averages, medians, distributions, and other statistical methods. This distinguishes pla ...

History

This Senecio was introduced into

Britain Britain most often refers to: * The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands * Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...

via Francesco Cupani and

William Sherard William Sherard (27 February 1659 – 11 August 1728) was an English botanist. Next to John Ray, he was considered to be one of the outstanding English botanists of his day. Life He is still a little-known figure of that era coming as he did from ...

in the years of their visit 1700, 1701 and 1702 from

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

where it lives as a native on

volcanic ash Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, created during volcano, volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. The term volcanic ash is also often loosely used t ...

to the Duchess of Beaufort's garden at

Badminton Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players pe ...

. Later a transfer of the plant material to the

Oxford Botanic Garden The University of Oxford Botanic Garden is the oldest botanic garden in Great Britain and one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world. The garden was founded in 1621 as a physic garden growing plants for medicinal research. Today it conta ...

by the "Horti Praefectus" (the title still given to the head gardener at the Oxford Botanic Garden )

Jacob Bobart the Younger Jacob Bobart, the younger, (2 August 1641 – 28 December 1719), was an English botanist. Background Bobart was the younger son of Jacob Bobart. He was born at Oxford, and succeeded his father as superintendent of the Physic Garden, and on the ...

took place before his death in 1719, providing perhaps a good indication of when this species of ragwort and other

invasive species An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...

might have "escaped" and started to make their home in the greater

British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, ...

. The Sicilian ragwort escaped into the wild and grew in the

stonework Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material. It is one of the oldest activities and professions in human history. Many of the long-lasting, ancient shelters, temples, mo ...

Oxford colleges The University of Oxford has thirty-nine colleges, and five permanent private halls (PPHs) of religious foundation. Colleges and PPHs are autonomous self-governing corporations within the university. These colleges are not only houses of residen ...

(with the specific mention of the

Bodleian Library The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...

) and many of the stone walls around the city of

Oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the county town and only city of Oxfordshire. In 2020, its population was estimated at 151,584. It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the ...

. This gave the plant its common name, "Oxford Ragwort".

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

first described ''Senecio squalidus'' in 1753, although there is a dispute as to whether the material came from the Botanic Garden or from walls in the city; the taxonomy for this species is further complicated by the existence of species with a similar morphology in continental Europe.

James Edward Smith James Edward Smith may refer to: * James Edward Smith (botanist), English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society * James Edward Smith (murderer), American murderer * James Edward Smith (politician), Canadian businessman and mayor of Toronto * ...

officially identified the escaped Oxford ragwort with its formal name ''Senecio squalidus'' in 1800. During the

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going f ...

, Oxford became connected to the railway system and the plant gained a new habitat in the railway lines clinker beds, gradually spreading via the railway to other parts of the country. The process was accelerated by the movement of the trains and the limestone ballast that provides a well-drained medium which is an adequate replica of the lava-soils of its native home in Sicily. During the 20th century it continued to spread along railway lines and found a liking for waste places and bombed sites

after World War II The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era started in late 1945 (when World War II ended) for all countries involved, defined by the decline of all colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers; the Soviet Union (U ...

which have a lot in common with the volcanic regions of its home. Recently, this and other ''

'' species and their differing tastes for self-incompatibility and self-compatibility have been the subject of study for the purposes of understanding the evolution of plant species as the genus finds new homes and pollen partners throughout the world: *The origin of ''Senecio vulgaris'' var. ''hibernicus'' Syme was determined to be an

introgression Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species. Intr ...

of ''Senecio squalidus'' into ''Senecio vulgaris'' subsp ''vulgaris'' *The dual origin of '' S. cambrensis'' Rosser to both

Wales Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the Wales–England border, east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the ...

and

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...

explained as being a product parenting by the

''S. squalidus'' and the

tetraploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contains ...

'' S. vulgaris'' in both locations *The willingness of ''S. squalidus'' to

hybridize Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: *Hybridization (biology), the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid *Orbital hybridization, in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals *Nu ...

with ''

Senecio viscosus ''Senecio viscosus'' is a herbaceous annual plant of the genus ''Senecio''. It is known as the sticky ragwort, sticky groundsel or stinking groundsel Groundsel is a common name for several plants and may refer to: *Members of the genus ''Senec ...

'' Crisp & Jones and forms the

sterile hybrid In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Hybrids are not always intermediates between their parents (such as in ...

''S. subnebrodensis'' Simk. *The suggestion that ''S. squalidus'' is actually a hybrid of two other Sicilian ''Senecio'': ''S. aethnensis'' Jan ex DC and ''S. chrysanthemifolius'' Poir.

Distribution

''Senecio squalidus'' grows on

scree Scree is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of a cliff or other steep rocky mass that has accumulated through periodic rockfall. Landforms associated with these materials are often called talus deposits. Talus deposits typically ha ...

in mountainous regions of native range, and earned its common name Oxford ragwort for its willingness and ability to grow in similar habitat elsewhere in the world. Range map-Senecio squalidus-Native

Native :''Senecio squalidus'' is considered to be a native of

New Brunswick New Brunswick (french: Nouveau-Brunswick, , locally ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. It is the only province with both English and ...

and

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

, Canada by the

USDA The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...

Natural Resources Conservation Service Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides technical assistance to farmers and other private landowners an ...

while the same

other resource

Germplasm Resources Information Network Germplasm Resources Information Network or GRIN is an online USDA National Genetic Resources Program software project to comprehensively manage the computer database for the holdings of all plant germplasm collected by the National Plant Germplasm ...

considers it to be native to

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

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Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

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Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

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. Current :Africa ::Northern Africa:

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:America ::North America:

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California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

:Europe ::Northern Europe:

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark ...

Republic of Ireland Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. A ...

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

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United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

::Middle Europe:

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::East Europe:

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, ::Southeastern Europe:

::Southwestern Europe:

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Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

::South Europe:

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

Range Maps Image:Range map-Senecio squalidus-North America.svg,

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

Image:Range map-Senecio squalidus-Africa.svg,

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Image:Range map-Senecio squalidus-Europe.svg,

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

Predators

''S. squalidus'' is a food plant for some insects, for example: Flies :Gall flies (

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

Tephritidae The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae. The family Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus ''Drosophila'' (in the family Drosophilidae), w ...

): :*'' Sphenella marginata'' :*'' Trupanea stellata'' :*'' Trypeta zoe'' Fungi Most ''Senecio'', including ''S. squalidus'' are susceptible to

rust Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH ...

and other fungus and mildews: :Rust fungus Uredinales :*''

Coleosporium tussilaginis ''Coleosporium tussilaginis'' is a species of rust fungus in the family Coleosporiaceae. It is a plant pathogen. It is known to infect ''Campanula rotundifolia'', on which it produces urediniospores and teliospores. References

Fungal pl ...

'' - (

Coleosporiaceae The Coleosporiaceae are a family of rust fungi in the order Pucciniales. The family contains 6 genera and 131 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biod ...

) :*'' Puccinia lagenophorae'' - (

Pucciniaceae The Pucciniaceae are a family of rust fungi that cause plant diseases, mainly on cereals such as wheat. The family contains 20 genera and over 4900 species. Genera Genera in the Pucciniaceae include: * '' Chrysella'' * '' Chrysocyclus'' * '' Chr ...

) :White rust

Peronosporales The Peronosporales are an order of water moulds (class Oomycetes) which can be pathogenic. Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order Pythiales. Some of these pathogenic pro ...

:*''

Albugo tragopogonis ''Pustula tragopogonis'', the goatsbeard white rust, is an oomycete plant pathogen Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions ...

'' - (

Albuginaceae Albuginaceae is a family of oomycetes. Genera and species Albuginaceae contains the following subtaxa: *''Albugo'' **'' Albugo achyranthis'' **'' Albugo aechmantherae'' **'' Albugo arenosa'' **'' Albugo austroafricana'' **''Albugo candida'' ** ...

) :Sac fungus

Ascochyta ''Ascochyta'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi, containing several species that are pathogenic to plants, particularly cereal crops. The taxonomy of this genus is still incomplete. The genus was first described in 1830 by Marie-Anne Libert, who r ...

Pezizomycetes Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota. Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore-producing/releasing bodies (ascoma) are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical s ...

:*'' Ascochyta senecionicola'' - (

Coelomycete Coelomycetes are a form-class of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. These are conidial fungi where the conidia form in a growing cavity in the host's tissue. The fruiting str ...

) :Powdery Mildew

Erysiphales Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew. Systematics The order contains one family (Erysiphaceae), 28 genera and approximately 100 spec ...

:*''

Podosphaera fusca ''Podosphaera fusca'' is a fungus that parasitically infects plants (a phytopathogen). It is one cause of powdery mildew Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many diff ...

'' - (

Erysiphaceae Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew. Systematics The order contains one family (Erysiphaceae), 28 genera and approximately 100 spec ...

)

Synonyms and misapplied names

*''Jacobaea incisa'' C. Presl *''Senecio glaber'' Ucria *''Senecio incisus'' (C. Presl) C. Presl *''Senecio laciniatus'' Bertol. *''Senecio nebrodensis'' auct., non L. *''Senecio rupestris'' Waldst. & Kit. *''Senecio squalidus'' d'Urv. *''Senecio squalidus'' Willd. *''Senecio squalidus'' M.Bieb. *''Senecio nebrodensis'' L. subsp. ''rupestris'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Fiori *''Senecio leucanthemifolius'' subsp. ''vernalis'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''aethnensis'' (DC.) Greuter *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''araneosus'' (Emb. & Maire) Alexander *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''aurasicus'' (Batt.) Alexander *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''aurasiacus'' (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''chrysanthemifolius'' (Poir.) Greuter *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''eurasiacus'' (Batt. & Trab.) Alexander *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''microglossus'' (Guss.) Arcang. *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''rupestris'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''sardous'' (Fiori) Greuter *''Senecio squalidus'' subsp. ''squalidus'' *''Senecio squalidus'' var. ''glaber'' (Ucria) FIORI ;Misapplied names: :*''Senecio nebrodensis'' sec. Fiori, A

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* * * * * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q3955284

squalidus ''Squalidus'' is a genus of cyprinid fish that occurs in eastern Asia. There are currently 14 described species in this genus. Species * '' Squalidus argentatus'' ( Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874) * '' Squalidus atromaculatus'' (Nichols & ...

Environment of Oxfordshire History of Oxford Flora of North America Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Description

History

Distribution

Predators

Synonyms and misapplied names

References

Further reading

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