Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank (russian: Семён Лю́двигович Франк; 28 January 1877 – 10 December 1950) was a Russian philosopher. Born into a Jewish family, he became a Christian in 1912.

Early life and studies

Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank was born in Russia in 1877, in Moscow, in a Jewish family. His father, a doctor, died when the boy was young, and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather, M. Rossiansky, an Orthodox Jew, who taught him Hebrew and took him to the synagogue. Through his stepfather, the populist V. I. Zak, he was introduced to the works of

N. K. Mikhailovsky Nikolay Konstantinovich Mikhaylovsky () (, Meshchovsk–, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian literary critic, sociologist, writer on public affairs, and one of the theoreticians of the Narodniki movement. Biography The school of thinkers he be ...

and other revolutionaries. At secondary school he became interested in Marxism. In 1894 he began to study law at Moscow University, but spent more time preaching socialism to the workers, but by 1896 he found Marxist economic theories unsatisfactory, though he remained a socialist. In 1899 he wrote a revolutionary pamphlet which got him expelled from Moscow; so he completed his studies of philosophy and political economy in Berlin. In 1900 he published in Russian a ''Critique of Marx's theory of value''. In 1901 he returned to Russia and received his bachelor's degree at the University of Kazan. Thereafter philosophy became his main preoccupation.

Career as philosopher

In 1901

Peter Berngardovich Struve Peter (or Pyotr or Petr) Berngardovich Struve (russian: Пётр Бернга́рдович Стру́ве; pronounced ; 26 January 1870 in Perm – 22 February 1944 in Paris) was a Russian political economist, philosopher, historian and editor ...

invited Frank to contribute to his collection, ''The Problem of Idealism'' (published in 1902), which criticised materialism and positivism. He spent the next five years between Moscow and Germany, writing and translating philosophical works and assisting Struve. Between 1902 and 1905, he contributed to Struve's periodical, ''Osvobozhdenie'' ('Liberation'), published in Stuttgart (1902-1904) and Paris (1904–1905). In 1906 he moved to St Petersburg and contributed philosophical essays to Struve's periodical, ''Russkaya Mysl''. In 1908, he contributed to the influential symposium, ''Vekhi'' ('signposts'). In 1908, he married Tatyana Sergeevna Bartseva (1886-1984) with whom he would have four children: Alexei (1910-1969), Natalia (1912-1999), Vasiliy (1920-1996) and Victor. In 1912, he converted to Orthodox Christianity, and began lecturing on philosophy at St Petersburg University. Later, he wrote, "I consider my Christianity as the completion of my Old Testament upbringing, as an organic evolution based on the religious foundations which I accepted in my childhood". Frank spent 1913-1914 in Germany, where he wrote ''Der Gegenstand des Wissens'' ('The Object of Knowledge') for which he received his master's degree (1916). It was followed by his ''Dusha Cheloveka'' ('Man's Soul') (1917). In summer 1917, Frank was appointed dean of the arts faculty of the new University of Saratov. In 1921, he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in Moscow University. There he joined the philosopher

Nikolai Berdyaev Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (; russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Бердя́ев; – 24 March 1948) was a Russian Empire, Russian philosopher, theologian, and Christian existentialism, Christian existentialist who e ...

, who was directing the Free Academy of Spiritual Culture. However, in June 1922, he and other intellectuals were expelled from the Soviet Union, on the so-called "

philosophers' ship The philosophers' ships or philosopher's steamboats (russian: Философский пароход) were steamships that transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Russia in 1922. The main load was handled by two German ships, the ''Oberbür ...

". Frank spent the rest of life supported by the World Council of Churches and his friend, the Swiss psychologist and existentialist, Ludwig Binswanger. From 1922 to 1937, he was in Germany, but from 1933, his Jewish ancestry rendered him unemployable in Germany. Fleeing the Nazi persecution of the Jews, he moved to Paris in 1937. During his exile, he published several books and articles in Russian and articles in German, French and Dutch. He and his wife survived World War II by hiding near Grenoble; their four children escaped to Britain. In the early years of the war he wrote 'God With Us', the first of his works to be translated into English (published in 1946). In 1945, he and his wife moved to Britain. Frank died of lung cancer in London. He and his wife are buried in Hendon Cemetery in London.

Metaphysical libertarianism

Semyon Frank's philosophy was based on the ontological theory knowledge. This means that knowledge was intuitive in whole but also logically abstract; logic being limited to only part of being. Frank taught that existence was being but also becoming. As becoming, one has dynamic potential. Thus one's future is indeterminate since reality is both rational and irrational. As reality includes the unity of rationality and irrationality i.e. of necessity and freedom. Frank's position was for the existence of free will.All that is new arises not out of a definite ground, which as determinists suppose, necessarily predetermines the future, not out of ''A'', but out of ''A-X''; i.e. out of the transfinite essence of reality in so far as it is partially determined by the presence of ''A''.

Bibliography

* ''Vekhi'' andmarks(1907) * ''Der Gegenstand des Wissens. Grundlagen und Grenzen der begrifflichen Erkenntnis'' nowledge. Principles and Limitations of Conceptual Perception(1915) (French translation, 'La Connaissance et l'etre', 1937) * ''Dusha Cheloveka'' (1917) (English tr., 'Man's Soul', 1993) * ''The Methodology of the Social Sciences'' (1921)

n Russian N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...

* ''Vvedenie v philosophiyu'' (i.e. 'Introduction to Philosophy') (1922) * ''Zhivoe znanie'' (1923) * ''Krushenie kumirov'' .e. 'The Downfall of idols'(1924) * ''Religion and Science''

(1924) * ''Smysl zhizni'' (1926) (English tr., 'The Meaning of Life', 2010) * ''The Basis of Marxism''

(1926) * ''Die geistigen Grundlagen der Gesellschaft'' (1930) lso in Russian(English tr., 'The Spiritual foundations of society', 1987) * ''Realität und Mensch'' eality and Mankind* ''Nepostizimoe'' (i.e. 'The Unfathomable') (1939) (English tr., 'The unknowable: an ontological introduction to the philosophy of religion', 1983) * ''God With Us: Three Meditations ... Translated from the Russian by

Natalie Duddington Natalie Duddington (née Ertel; 14 November 188630 May 1972) was a philosopher and a translator of Russian literature into English. Her first name sometimes appears as Nathalie (with an ''h''). Biography Nataliya Aleksandrovna Ertel was born i ...

'' (1946) * ''Light and Darkness''

(1949) (English tr., 'Light shineth in darkness', 1989) * ''V. Solovyev: an anthology'' (1950) * ''Reality and man'' (1956)

References

External links

* * *
S.L. Frank on Orthodox Wiki
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frank, Semen L. 1877 births 1950 deaths Writers from Moscow People from Moskovsky Uyezd 20th-century Russian philosophers Russian Orthodox Christians from Russia Jewish philosophers Russian Jews Soviet expellees Eastern Orthodox theologians Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism Liberals from the Russian Empire Vekhovtsy Saratov State University faculty