''Segisaurus'' (meaning "Segi canyon lizard") is a genus of small coelophysid theropod dinosaur, that measured approximately 1 metre (3.3 feet) in length. The only known specimen was discovered in early Jurassic strata in

Tsegi Canyon Tsegi Canyon is a canyon in Navajo County, Arizona. Tsegi, meaning ''in between the rocks'', is a Navajo descriptive term for deep canyons with sheer walls. Laguña Creek has its headwaters at the head of Tsegi Canyon at , where the creeks from Lo ...

, Arizona, for which it was named. ''Segisaurus'' is the only dinosaur to have ever been excavated from the area.

Description

''Segisaurus'' lived about 183 million years ago during the Jurassic period. It was a primitive bipedal theropod roughly around the size of a goose. ''Segisaurus'' was 1 meter (3.3 feet) long, half a meter (1.65 feet) tall and weighed about 4-7 kilograms. It was nimble and

insectivorous A robber fly eating a hoverfly An insectivore is a carnivorous animal or plant that eats insects. An alternative term is entomophage, which can also refer to the human practice of eating insects. The first vertebrate insectivores were ...

, although it may have scavenged meat also. It was bird-like in structure, with a flexible, elongated neck and stout body. ''Segisaurus'' was three-toed and had powerful legs that were long compared to its body length. Like its legs, ''Segisaurus'' had a long tail and long forearms. Its furcula bone was not unlike a bird's, thus strengthening scientists' arguments that dinosaurs were related to

avian Avian may refer to: *Birds or Aves, winged animals *Avian (given name) (russian: Авиа́н, link=no), a male forename Aviation *Avro Avian, a series of light aircraft made by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s *Avian Limited, a hang glider manufacture ...

s. ''Segisaurus'' is described from the only specimen ever found, the holotype UCMP 32101, which was a sub-adult. The full size of ''Segisaurus'' as an adult may never be known. Furcula were found in the ''Segisaurus'' specimen, making it one of the first known non-avian dinosaurs to preserve furcula found. These furculae were initially thought to be clavicles, which led Charles Lewis Camp to speculate that the "splint-like" neck ribs supported a ''

Draco Draco is the Latin word for serpent or dragon. Draco or Drako may also refer to: People * Draco (lawgiver) (from Greek: Δράκων; 7th century BC), the first lawgiver of ancient Athens, Greece, from whom the term ''draconian'' is derived * D ...

''-like

patagium The patagium (plural: patagia) is a membranous body part that assists an animal in obtaining lift when gliding or flight. The structure is found in extant and extinct groups of flying and gliding animals including bats, birds, some dromaeosaurs ...

along the neck, to improve the animal's ability to move quickly. ''Segisaurus'' is significant because it demonstrates that the clavicle was primitively present in early theropods.

Classification

''Segisaurus'' was described in 1936 by the paleontologist

Charles Lewis Camp Charles Lewis Camp (March 12, 1893 Jamestown, North Dakota – August 14, 1975 San Jose, California) was a palaeontologist and zoologist, working from the University of California, Berkeley. He took part in excavations at the 'Placerias Quarry', in ...

, based on specimen UCMP 32101, a fragmentary fossil skeleton which consisted of portions of the limbs,

pelvis The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton). The ...

, and vertebrae. Cranial material was not recovered. ''Segisaurus'' went relatively ignored for the next half century. When the specimen was examined during this period, all who viewed it commented on the supposed presence of clavicles and the apparently "solid" bones that the dinosaur had. ''Segisaurus'' appeared to be closely related to the better-known '' Coelophysis'', but unlike the hollow bones of ''Coelophysis'', ''Segisaurus'' had solid bones. This caused some scientists question whether ''Segisaurus'' was a theropod at all. In 2005, a re-examination of the ''Segisaurus'' holotype revealed that contrary to reports it did in fact have hollow bones and that the clavicles were instead fragmented furculae.Carrano, M.T, Hutchinson, J.R, and Sampson, S.D. (2005). "New information on ''Segisaurus halli'', a small theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Arizona." ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', 25(4): 835-849. In this study, Carano et al. found that although it was very unusual, ''Segisaurus'' was firmly a

coelophysoid Coelophysoidea were common dinosaurs of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods. They were widespread geographically, probably living on all continents. Coelophysoids were all slender, carnivorous forms with a superficial similarity to the ...

, and probably a close relative of '' Procompsognathus''.

Distinguishing anatomical features

A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Rauhut (2003), ''Segisaurus'' can be distinguished based on the following features:Rauhut, O. W. M., 2003, The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs: Special Papers in Palaeontology, v. 69, p. 1-213. * the dorsal centra are not very constricted ventrally * the scapula is slender * the humeral shaft has stronger torsion (~50 degrees) than does that of Coelophysis * the presence of a large ischial fenestra (according to Carrano et al., 2005) * the humeral deltopectoral crest is rectangular

History of discovery

In 1933, Max Littlesalt, a Navajo Indian, discovered the holotype in Tsegi Canyon of the

Navajo Sandstone The Navajo Sandstone is a geological formation in the Glen Canyon Group that is spread across the U.S. states of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, and Utah as part of the Colorado Plateau province of the United States.Anonymou ...

of Coconino County, Arizona. The specimen was found in calcareous sandstone, which was deposited during the Pliensbachian - Toarcian stages of the Jurassic, approximately 190 to 174 million years ago. After discovering the remains, Littlesalt, who kept livestock inside the canyon, pointed out the fossils to archeologists who were on an expedition inside the canyon. Other than the first finding of ''Segisaurus'', no other specimens have been discovered. When the specimen of ''Segisaurus'' was discovered, Camp likened its posture to that of a "sitting hen", due to the position the dinosaur's remains were in.Camp, C. (1936). "A new type of small bipedal dinosaur from the Navajo sandstone of Arizona." ''Univ. Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci.'', 24: 39-56. Other theropods used this positions to sleep or stay sheltered during sand and ash storms.

Taphonomy

The ''Segisaurus'' holotype was found in a bed of sandstone, suggesting that the dinosaur had been buried in a layer of sand and died. This is still only a hypothesis, as no nest or den materials were discovered with the specimen. Geological features of the

Formation suggest that this genus lived in an environment resembling modern sand dunes.

References

External links

''Segisaurus'' in the Dino Directory
{{Taxonbar, from=Q130738 Coelophysoids Early Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Jurassic Arizona Paleontology in Arizona Fossil taxa described in 1936 Taxa named by Charles Lewis Camp