''Secolo d'Italia'' (; "Century of Italy") is a daily,
conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
,
online newspaper in Italy, published since 1952. In 2012, it ceased its
print edition and continued as an online-only publication.
Political and ideological context
After the war in Italy ended, various, small political organizations and parties adhering to variants of an
extreme-right ideology were born. On 26 December 1946, the
Italian Social Movement (''Movimento Sociale Italiano'' or MSI) was created through the merging of various such entities.
[These parties were the Italian Movement of Social Unity (''Movimento Italiano di Unità Sociale'' or MIUS) founded by Giorgio Almirante, former minister in the Italian Social Republic and former fascist veterans of the Italian Social Republic (RSI), the Front of the Italian (''Fronte dell'Italiano''), the Front of Work' (''Fronte del Lavoro''), the Trade Union of Italian Railwaymen (''Unione Sindacale dei Ferrovieri Italiani'') and the Independent Veterans Group (''Gruppo Reduci Indipendenti''). See Gennaccari (2006).] The three initial main objectives of the new party were to revive
Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
's fascism, attack the Italian democratic regime, and defend the country against
communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...
.
From the beginning, there was inherent tension within the MSI between two tendencies: One placed
anti-communism
Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communism. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in the Russian Empire, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States and the ...
as the party's main stance and, therefore, declared itself open to or seeking alliances with all anti-communist parties and organizations, along with accepting the support of and aid from foreign sources that were similarly engaged, such as the United States and by extension
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...
. Its adherents were labeled "Atlanticists" by proponents of the other tendency, which rejected any collaboration with forces, such as the Americans, which had fought against and defeated
Fascist Italy.
[Carrying such views of "ideological purity", some elements within MSI started working to establish contact with former Nazis as well as ]neo-fascist
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration s ...
groupings in Europe, and for this purpose they founded the ''Centro Studi Europei'' in Trieste
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into prov ...
, which started publishing the ''Europa Unita'' journal. See Bale (1994) In this context, they'd also stood opposed to Italy's entry or participation in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...
.
[Italy, in fact, became in 1949 one of the founding member-states NATO.] For these positions they were characterized as "Leftists" within MSI. Essentially, it was a clash of priorities: between nationalism and anti-communism.
By the end of the 1940s, the MSI was characterized as "one of the largest and best organized neofascist electoral parties in Europe"
as well as the eventual "pivotal party" for the re-emergence of the extreme right in Europe.
Since the beginning, there was throughout the party, and most strongly among the ''
Evolani'', "bitter hostility" towards the so-called of "
25 July 1943 traitors", which meant most members stood opposed to bringing in any of the "''
ventennio''-era Fascist
hierarchs
An ordinary (from Latin ''ordinarius'') is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office has ordinary power to execute laws.
Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches of Western Christianity which have an ...
".
Early years: with the MSI
''Secolo d'Italia''
[The newspaper was initially and for only one month titled as simply ''Secolo''. See Terranova (2013)] was founded by Franz Turchi,
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
veteran,
National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party ( it, Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascism and as a reorganization of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. Th ...
official, and
prefect
Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area.
A prefect's ...
of
La Spezia during the time of the
Italian Social Republic; its first issue appeared on 16 May 1952. At the beginning, the paper had five editors, among whom were the ''
esotericista'' Aniceto Del Massa, and the poet
Ezra Pound. The paper's first headquarters were in via Tomacelli 146, in
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, the same address that some years later would also house the offices of ''
il manifesto'' and ''
Mondoperaio
''Mondoperaio'' is an Italian cultural-political journal that is based in Rome, Italy. The magazine has a socialist stance.
History and Overview
The magazine began on 4 December 1948 as ''Mondo Operaio'', on the initiative of the former Italian ...
'', as well as the Roman editorial staff of ''
Corriere della Sera''. The first
chief editor was Bruno Spampanato, fascist author, Mussolini loyalist, and ''
Decima Flottiglia MAS
The ''Decima Flottiglia MAS'' (''Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti'', also known as ''La Decima'' or Xª MAS) (Italian for "10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian flotilla, with commando frogman unit, of the ''Regia Marina'' ...
'' veteran. The editorial group was anti-American and opposed Italy's accession to NATO, supporting the "socialization of businesses" and rejecting the "right-wing" label. They also stood against any collaboration with Italy's
monarchists
Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. ...
or
conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...
parties such as the
Christian Democrats
__NOTOC__
Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social ...
.
[
]Junio Valerio Borghese
Junio Valerio Scipione Ghezzo Marcantonio Maria Borghese (6 June 1906 – 26 August 1974), nicknamed The Black Prince, was an Italian Navy commander during the regime of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party and a prominent hard-line Fascist ...
, Mussolini loyalist, and decorated wartime veteran of the ''Decima'', who had joined MSI in November 1952 at the invitation of its leadership,[Borghese, at war's end, was helped by X2 officer of OSS ]James Angleton
James Jesus Angleton (December 9, 1917 – May 11, 1987) was chief of counterintelligence for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1954 to 1974. His official position within the organization was Associate Deputy Director of Operations for ...
to escape the partisans active in the Milan region. He was arrested in Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, tried, convicted, and, in 1945, sentenced to 12 years imprisonment for " collaboration" with the Nazis. He was not charged for war crimes, despite the ascertained massacres committed by ''La Decima'' during "anti-partisan operations". He was released from prison in 1949 by a Supreme Court of Cassation decision.The discount on his sentence was due to " he defendant'sglorious expeditions during the war, his defence of north-east borders against Tito
Tito may refer to:
People Mononyms
* Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), commonly known mononymously as Tito, Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman
* Roberto Arias (1918–1989), aka Tito, Panamanian international lawyer, diplomat, and journ ...
's ''IX Corps 9 Corps, 9th Corps, Ninth Corps, or IX Corps may refer to:
France
* 9th Army Corps (France)
* IX Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
Germany
* IX Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial Germ ...
'' and his defence of Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of ...
harbour", per the court's decision. See Kisatsky (2005). wrote the newspaper's first editorial. While Borghese's entry into MSI inspired the party's "leftist" and ''Evolani'' wings on account of his illustrious and fanatically fascist career, he immediately sided with the "Atlanticists", supporting the "unconditional adherence" to a "pro-Western" and "philo-American" foreign policy.[
]
The MSI party had no direct involvement in the founding of ''Secolo d'Italia''. Its leadership initially expressed concerns over the paper's appearance and dispatched Roberto Mieville, head of the party's ''Centro Stampa e Propaganda'', to various party sections and affiliated publications to inform them that ''Secolo'' had "obscure origins and even more obscure objectives."[ However, by that time, the pro-Atlantic current within MSI was asserting its dominance.][ In July 1952, Borghese gave the introductory speech at MSI's Third Congress held at L'Aquila, denying that the party was "]totalitarian
Totalitarianism is a form of government and a political system that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual and group opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high if not complete degree of control and reg ...
" and stating that the task of all ''missini'' was to "interpret the common aspirations" of the Italian people and resolve their economic problems. On 18 August 1952, ''Secolo d'Italia'' passed directly into the hands of MSI's Giorgio Almirante and Filippo Anfuso, with Franz Turchi appointed finance manager.[ By that time, Almirante had resigned from the leadership position and ]Augusto De Marsanich
Augusto De Marsanich (13 April 1893 – 10 February 1973) was an Italian fascist politician and the second leader of the Italian Social Movement (MSI).
Early years
De Marsanich was born in Rome. He enlisted in the Italian Army in 1916 and saw ac ...
, another Mussolini loyalist, was elected in his place. Almirante was opposed, at the time, to what he determined as "the new conservatism" in far-right politics and emphasised "the proletarian
The proletariat (; ) is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose only possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). A member of such a class is a proletarian. Marxist philoso ...
origins of fascism." More radical cadres, such as Pino Rauti
Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (19 November 1926 – 2 November 2012) was an Italian fascist and politician who was a leading figure on the radical right for many years, although Rauti was describing himself as a "leftist" and "non-fascist." Invo ...
, who went on to create '' Ordine Nuovo'', left MSI for the same reasons. Four years later, in 1954, De Marsanich was replaced by Arturo Michelini, with the positions supported by ''Secolo'' closely following the shifts inside ''Movimento'', with the newspaper eventually adapting Michelini's strategy of ''inserimento'' (insertion) into the mainstream that resulted in MSI becoming, by the late 1950s, Italy's fourth largest party. ''Secolo d'Italia'', during Michelini's leadership, supported the strategy of industrialist Enrico Mattei
Enrico Mattei (; 29 April 1906 – 27 October 1962) was an Italian public administrator. After World War II he was given the task of dismantling the Italian petroleum agency Agip, a state enterprise established by the Fascist regime. ...
, chairman of state-owned Agip
Agip (''Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli'', en, General Italian Oil Company) is an Italian automotive gasoline, diesel, LPG, lubricants, fuel oil, and bitumen retailer established in 1926. It has been a subsidiary of the multinational petroleu ...
, who died in 1962 in an airplane accident.[After ]World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...
, Christian Democrat
Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism.
It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...
public administrator Enrico Mattei was given the task of dismantling the state-owned petroleum company Agip
Agip (''Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli'', en, General Italian Oil Company) is an Italian automotive gasoline, diesel, LPG, lubricants, fuel oil, and bitumen retailer established in 1926. It has been a subsidiary of the multinational petroleu ...
that had been established by the Fascist regime
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
. Instead, Mattei enlarged and reorganized it into what became the National Fuel Trust conglomerate or ENI. He negotiated oil concessions in the Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
as well as trade agreements with the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
, thus ostensibly breaking the oligopoly of the so-called " Seven Sisters" that dominated the mid-20th-century oil industry
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The larges ...
. In 1962, he died in an airplane accident under mysterious circumstances. See ''La Repubblicca'' (1994). See Firrao et al (2009).
When Michelini died, in 1969, Almirante was re-elected leader of MSI. Improving on Michelini's ''inserimento'', Almirante introduced a double strategy of broadening the party's reach in both conservative and radical directions. He started a collaboration with the Monarchist National Party
The Monarchist National Party ( it, Partito Nazionale Monarchico, PNM) was a political party in Italy founded in 1946, uniting conservatives, liberal conservatives and nationalists. It was a right-wing competitor to Christian Democracy and was esp ...
, invited back hard-liner Rauti and other radicals, and commenced tactical approaches to conservative figures within the Christian Democrats
__NOTOC__
Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social ...
and the Liberals. The increased popularity of MSI,[Contesting the 1972 general election in a joint list with the Monarchists, the MSI, whose members numbered more than four hundred thousand, almost doubled its electoral support up to 8.7% of the votes, its highest score until that time. See Ruzza et al (2009).] broadened ''Secolo'' readership as well, with daily sales reaching approximately 150,000 issues on average.[
As soon as he became again MSI leader, in 1969, Almirante appointed as ''Secolo''s editor-in-chief Antonino Tripodi, lawyer, MSI MP, and veteran of Mussolini's ]National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party ( it, Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascism and as a reorganization of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. Th ...
, assigning him with the task of both modernizing the paper through the use of new composition & printing technologies and expanding its reporting on culture
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups ...
. Tripodi enlisted notable journalists of the far right, such as Alberto Giovannini, former editor of the fascist periodical ''L'Assalto'' ("Assault"), and creator of the short-lived post-war review ''Rosso e Nero'' ("Red and Black") that supported a "conciliation" between fascism and socialism
Socialism is a left-wing Economic ideology, economic philosophy and Political movement, movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to Private prop ...
.[Giovannini went as far as inviting socialists such as, in the very first issue, '']Avanti!
''Avanti!'' is a 1972 American/Italian international co-production comedy film produced and directed by Billy Wilder, and starring Jack Lemmon and Juliet Mills. The screenplay by Wilder and I. A. L. Diamond is based on Samuel A. Taylor's play, ...
'' journalist Ugo Zatterin, to write opinion pieces for the review. In his letter, Zatterin highlighted the value of the position taken by many former fascists who, rejecting at least in part their ideology, declared that they recognize themselves in the republican regime. The letter was strongly criticized by the socialist leadership and its author suspended for several months from ''Avanti!'', which he then left. See Vallauri (2001).
On 12 March 1980, ''Secolo'' employee and MSI member Angelo Mancia was killed by two gunmen near his home. The group ''Compagni organizzati in volante rossa'', with a phone call to ''La Repubblica
''la Repubblica'' (; the Republic) is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso (now known as GEDI Gruppo Editoriale) and led by Eugenio Scalfari, Carlo Caracciolo and Arnol ...
'', assumed the responsibility for the "anti-fascist" action. The assassination was considered to be in retaliation for the killing of ''Autonomia Operaia
Autonomia Operaia (Italian: ''Workers' Autonomy'') was an Italian leftist movement particularly active from 1976 to 1978. It took an important role in the autonomist movement in the 1970s, alongside earlier organisations such as ''Potere Operaio'', ...
'' member Valerio Verbano, a few weeks before, by three unidentified gunmen, generally suspected to have been neo-fascist militants.
Tripodi stayed on until 1982, upon which time he was elected leader of MSI and Alberto Giovannini was promoted to the position of ''Secolo'' chief editor.
Transition to the ''Alleanza''
When Giorgio Almirante died in May 1988, Gianfranco Fini was elected MSI secretary, defeating Pino Rauti
Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti (19 November 1926 – 2 November 2012) was an Italian fascist and politician who was a leading figure on the radical right for many years, although Rauti was describing himself as a "leftist" and "non-fascist." Invo ...
, then deputy-secretary. After Rauti's January 1990 election to the top position, Fini returned, in July 1991, as party secretary. In January 1995, the party's congress in Fiuggi decided to merge the MSI with conservative elements of the disbanded Christian Democrats and form the National Alliance party (''Alleanza Nazionale'' or AN), with Fini assuming its presidency.[This turning point in MSI history came to be known as ''svolta di Fiuggi''. See Eatwell (1997).] The new party distanced itself from fascism with Fini stating that there would not and could not be "any return to fascism" and frequently disavowing AN supporters who used the fascist salute
The Roman salute, alternatively called the Fascist salute, is a gesture in which the right arm is fully extended, facing forward, with palm down and fingers touching. In some versions, the arm is raised upward at an angle; in others, it is held ...
.[ In 1994, author Gennaro Malgieri was appointed ''Secolo'' chief editor, joined as co-chief editor, in 1998, by Marcello Staglieno, Lega Nord MP and former ]culture
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups ...
correspondent for ''Il Giornale
''il Giornale'' ( en, The Newspaper) is an Italian language daily newspaper published in Milan, Italy.
History and profile
The newspaper was founded in 1974 by the journalist Indro Montanelli, together with the colleagues Enzo Bettiza, Ferenc ...
''.
In 2000, ''Secolo'' appointed its first woman editor-in-chief, Flavia Perina. She introduced reporting and editorials on feminism
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism incorporates the position that society prioritizes the male po ...
and ecology
Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overl ...
, and reached to Islamic citizens of Italy. In 2009, the newspaper campaigned for the investigation into the homicide of a 31-year-old man who died while in police custody, in Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
, after being arrested for possession of drugs, a case that "gripped the country."[In 2019, after nine years and numerous trials, two police officers were found guilty of ]involuntary manslaughter
Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th cen ...
and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment. See Tondo (2019). On the controversial issue of immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, a ...
, Perina published editorials in support of granting Italian citizenship
Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection".
Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...
to non-European Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisb ...
citizens who've been residing in the country for five years or more.
In January 2011, ''Secolo'' editor-in-chief co-signed, along with women of all ideological persuasions, an open letter
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.
Open letters usually take the form of a letter addressed to an indiv ...
that denounced "the repeated, indecent, ostentatious representation of women as a naked object of sexual exchange offered by newspapers, televisions, and advertisements". The same year, she co-authored along with ''Partito Democratico
The Democratic Party ( it, Partito Democratico , PD) is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party's secretary is Enrico Letta, who was elected by the national assembly in March 2021, after the resignation of the former leader Nicol ...
'' MP Alessia Mosca the essay "A dialogue on power, rights, family, in the most male-dominated country in Europe" in response to the " Rubygate" scandal.
In 2007, with Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi ( ; ; born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies f ...
having fallen from power, ''Alleanza Nazionale'' merged with ''Forza Italia'' to create a "centre-right
Centre-right politics lean to the right of the political spectrum, but are closer to the centre. From the 1780s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from the nobility and ...
" grouping, "the People of Freedom" (''Popolo della Libertà'' or PdL), which went on to win the 2008 parliamentary election, returning Berlusconi to power. In 2010, disagreements on policy between Fini and Berlusconi caused Fini and most of his supporters to leave PdL. In March 2011, Perina was sacked from the position of ''Secolo d'Italia'' editor-in-chief by decision of its board of directors, chaired by Giuseppe Valentino[In 2017, Giuseppe Valentino was elected ''Alleanza'' president.] and composed mostly of ''Alleanza'' members. She was asked to remain as political commentator but refused.[After her sacking from ''Secolo'', Perina continued reporting and campaigning for ]women's rights
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, ...
, going as far as denouncing the " paternalism of the Right" on this issue. Se
here
in '' Huffington Post'' (2017). Luciano Lanna and culture editor Filippo Rossi also left the newspaper with her. Former ''Secolo'' editor Enzo Raisi denounced Perina's sacking, stating that it's "a shame for the freedom of the press." She was replaced by ''Alleanza'' member and parliamentarian Marcello De Angelis.
Online years
In December 2011, the newly sworn-in government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is ...
of Mario Monti announced significant cutbacks to the subsidies
A subsidy or government incentive is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy. Although commonly extended from the government, the ter ...
historically dispensed to the newspaper industry, a move that hit especially hard the titles with the smaller circulation. In May 2012, the government announced tax credits and other supportive measures for online newspapers and magazines. In November 2012, a four-month freeze on salary
A salary is a form of periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis.
F ...
payments in ''Secolo d'Italia'' was lifted after the liquidity
Liquidity is a concept in economics involving the convertibility of assets and obligations. It can include:
* Market liquidity, the ease with which an asset can be sold
* Accounting liquidity, the ability to meet cash obligations when due
* Liq ...
problems were resolved. The financial plan included passing the newspaper's ownership from the bankrupt
Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor ...
A.N. Association to a new company, the A.N. Foundation, and it was formulated by president Franco Mugnai, general secretary Antonio Giordano, board chairman Tommaso Foti, and managing director Alberto Dello Strologo, with the consent of the members appointed by the court during the bankruptsy-protection process.
On 21 December 2012, ''Secolo d'Italia'' ceased its print edition and became an online-only publication.
Italo Bocchino
Italo Bocchino (born 6 July 1967) is an Italian politician and journalist.
Biography
Bocchino was born in Naples, and in his youth, he was a member of the Italian Social Movement (a post-fascist formation) and worked as a spokesman for the mem ...
took over as editor-in-chief on 14 June 2014. In 2020, the ''Federazione Italiana Editori Giornali'' for online-newspaper publishers elected him as vice president. Οn 23 January 2019, Francesco Storace, former leader of the party '' La Destra'' ("The Right"), replaced him. One year later, Storace left to join '' Il Tempo'' as assistant editor-in-chief, replaced temporarily by Girolamo Fragalà. Italo Bocchino returned in 2020 and went on to become the ''Secolo d'Italia'' editor-in-chief with the most years in that position.
See also
* ''Il Popolo d'Italia
''Il Popolo d'Italia'' ("The People of Italy") was an Italian newspaper published from 15 November 1914 until 24 July 1943. It was founded by Benito Mussolini as a pro-war newspaper during World War I, and it later became the main newspaper of ...
''
Notes
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
*
Italian-language newspapers
Fascist newspapers and magazines
Newspapers published in Rome
Newspapers established in 1952
1952 establishments in Italy
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
{{DEFAULTSORT:Secolo d'Italia