Seasonal subseries plots are a graphical tool to visualize and detect seasonality in a

time series In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Exa ...

. Seasonal subseries plots involves the extraction of the seasons from a time series into a subseries. Based on a selected periodicity, it is an alternative plot that emphasizes the seasonal patterns are where the data for each season are collected together in separate mini time plots. Seasonal subseries plots enables the underlying seasonal pattern to be seen clearly, and also shows the changes in seasonality over time. Especially, it allows to detect changes between different seasons, changes within a particular season over time. However, this plot is only useful if the period of the seasonality is already known. In many cases, this will in fact be known. For example, monthly data typically has a period of 12. If the period is not known, an

autocorrelation plot In the analysis of data, a correlogram is a chart of correlation statistics. For example, in time series analysis, a plot of the sample autocorrelations r_h\, versus h\, (the time lags) is an autocorrelogram. If cross-correlation is plotted ...

or spectral plot can be used to determine it. If there is a large number of observations, then a box plot may be preferable.

Definition

Seasonal sub-series plots are formed by * Vertical axis: response variable * Horizontal axis:

time of year An ordinal date is a calendar date typically consisting of a ''year'' and a day of the year or ordinal day number (or simply ordinal day or day number), an ordinal number ranging between 1 and 366 (starting on January 1), though year may sometime ...

; for example, with monthly data, all the January values are plotted (in chronological order), then all the February values, and so on. The horizontal line displays the mean value for each month over the time series. The analyst must specify the length of the seasonal pattern before generating this plot. In most cases, the analyst will know this from the context of the problem and data collection.

Importance

It is important to know when analyzing a time series if there is a significant seasonality effect. The seasonal subseries plot is an excellent tool for determining if there is a seasonal pattern. The seasonal subseries plot can provide answers to the following questions: * Do the data exhibit a seasonal pattern? * What is the nature of the seasonality? * Is there a within-group pattern (e.g., do January and July exhibit similar patterns)? * Are there any

outlier In statistics, an outlier is a data point that differs significantly from other observations. An outlier may be due to a variability in the measurement, an indication of novel data, or it may be the result of experimental error; the latter are ...

s once seasonality has been accounted for? * Is the seasonality changing over time? Practically, seasonal subseries plots are often inspected as a preliminary screening tool. They allow visual inferences to be drawn from data prior to modelling and forecasting.

Related techniques

Autocorrelation plot In the analysis of data, a correlogram is a chart of correlation statistics. For example, in time series analysis, a plot of the sample autocorrelations r_h\, versus h\, (the time lags) is an autocorrelogram. If cross-correlation is plotted ...

* Box plot * Recurrence plot *

Run sequence plot A run chart, also known as a run-sequence plot is a graph that displays observed data in a time sequence. Often, the data displayed represent some aspect of the output or performance of a manufacturing or other business process. It is therefore ...

Time series In mathematics, a time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Exa ...

* Seasonal plot

Software

Seasonal subseries plots can be implemented in the R programming language using function monthplot(). Example The following R code results in the above seasonal deviation plot of ''antidiabetic drug sales''; > monthplot(a10, ylab= "$ million" , xlab= "Month", xaxt= "n", main= "Seasonal deviation plot: antidiabetic drug sales") > axis(1, at=1:12, labels=month.abb, cex=0.8) Seasonal sub-series plot

References

External links